When Rosetta approached comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko last summer, both its shape and its activity were surprising. It looked like two comets welded together at a skinny neck. But just as surprising, to comet researchers, was the fact that the cometary activity appeared to originate within the neck.
Here's the reason that's such a surprise. The animation below was produced for Philae landing site selection, and it shows how much of the comet's surface was in sunlight at the time. Red areas are continuously illuminated, so are hottest. Cometary activity has to do with volatile materials (especially ices like water and carbon monoxide) being heated and sublimating. And yet the hottest regions on the comet -- its twin poles, one broad area on each lobe -- aren't making jets like the neck areas are. What gives?
A new paper published in the Astrophysical Journal by Victor Alí-Lagoa, Marco Delbo', and Guy Libourel presents a possible explanation. The three scientists do work in thermophysical modeling -- they use physics to examine how changes in temperature propagate through solar system materials, and investigate what happens to those materials as their temperature changes.
They asked whether the comet's unusual shape might have any effects on the temperatures experienced from place to place on its surface. They took a model of the rotating comet and looked at how its surface temperatures change as parts of its surface cast shadows on other parts, or reflect sunlight into shadowed regions, for four different dates. In their model, they found that while the neck area of the comet doesn't experience the most extreme temperatures, it does experience the most extreme temperature changes, where baking-hot sunlit surfaces are suddenly sunk into very deep shadows, and just as suddenly lit up again. ...