Gravity. In the absence of a restraining force we could expect the earth's atmosphere to expand and diffuse into space. Gravity is the restraining force.
'gravity', eh?? You could have said 'Duccolslopelgerts' and it would have had more Veracity!!
Let's see...
"Alright So, today we're gonna shoot down
Newtonian Mechanics and Maxwell's Theory. We're like the Press, we build somebody up only to destroy them".
Ramamurti Shankar; Professor of Physics, Yale.
Quantum Mechanics I: The key experiments and wave-particle duality. (2:00 minute mark.)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uK2eFv7ne_Q
We can stop right here, since NEWTON'S 'speculations' (
Mytho-matheMagics) have been Falsified by Experiment; but where's the fun in that...
Definition of terms: M = Mass, Fg = force of gravity, w (weight) = Mg (mass x force of gravity), G = Gravitational Constant, r = radius (distance).
Newton never calculated "G" and proposed this before he died: Fg ∝ m
1M
2/d
2, so the Force of gravity is "Proportional" (
∝ ).
Big "G" in Modern 'Classical Physics' is the ANCHOR Point for just about everything (i.e., calculating weight of Earth/Moon/Sun/Galaxies; 'theoretically' to calculate the birth of the universe' ect ect)
The quest for the Gravitational Constant "G", enter Henry Cavendish ~120 years later: This "purported" gentleman was extremely rich (member of the Royal Society: read 'Freemason') and a contrary breeze away from cutting off his own ears. I personally found 8 different portraits of this gentleman i.e, apparently he was "conjured", but I digress.
The 'Torsion Bar' Experiment, which has
NEVER EVER been Repeated Successfully, poofed into existence: "G" = 6.67408 × 10-11 m
3 /kg s
2 .
So Cavendish said: weight = Fg (Mg) ; Ergo: mg = "G" m
1M
2/r
2 . Now he could calculate the Mass of Earth (M2 is Mass of Earth, r
2 is radius of Earth)....
mg = "G" m
1M
2/r
2 so, mg = "G" m
1M
2/r
2 . So, M
2 = g r
2/ G. Solving, for the Mass of Earth... 5.972 × 1024 kg.
Ahhh, Questions...
1. Please VALIDATE "G" by Experiment; CITE Source.....?
2. Begging The Question (Fallacy): where'd he get that "Radius" from ?? Then, VALIDATE the Radius of Earth....? (You'd have better chances of resurrecting Alexander the Great's Horse!!!). Please post Eratosthenes, Make MY DAY !!!
In summary, the Corner Constant "G" of Modern 'Classical Physics' is based on based on an Un-Verified Experiment (assumption) and a Logical Fallacy.
"There is no model of the theory of gravitation today other than the mathematical form."
Richard Feynman (Nobel Prize Physics), The Character of the Physical Law. Page 39
people.virginia.edu/~ecd3m/1110/Fall2014/The_Character_of_Physical_Law.pdf
Wait...What, Huh?

Richard Richard Richard... a Mathematical -- "Scientific Theory", eh? This is tantamount to having a "theory" of Married Bachelors!! If anyone needs me to explain "why", you have more "pressing issues" than Flat Earth or 'gravity'.
Richard should've turned in that Nobel and headed back to and passed 5th Grade General Science!!
Let's hammer this nonsensical
Mytho-matheMagics into oblivion once and for all, mmm K? So let's go back to Newton, Fg ∝ m
1M
2/d
2 (and Cavedish: Fg = G m
1M
2/d
2 ) so the Force of Gravity is critically dependent on all the elements in these expressions, Right?
OK, let's assume that both equations above, including Big "G", is correct.
Let's look @ the relationship between "Centrifugal Force" (F
c) and (F
g) "Force of Gravity". Basically, we want to set them "Equal" ...that way, we can calculate "The Force" holding ANY planet in their "alleged" respective orbit around the Sun.
So as before we'll define terms:
m
1 (Mass of 1 Body...I will be using the Earth here but it can be any mass), M
2 will be the Mass of The Sun, V = Velocity, r = Radius (distance between Earth and Sun) :
F
c = m ( V
2/r )
F
g = G m
1M
2/d
2 or (r
2)
Let's set them Equal:
F
c = m
Earth ( V
2/r ) = G m
Earth M
Sun / r
2 = F
g . So a little Algebra...
F
c =
mEarth ( V
2/r ) = G
mEarth M
Sun / r
2 = F
g ....
F
c = ( V
2/r ) = G M
Sun / r
2 = Fg !!! We can Stop right here, See The Problem??
F
c and F
g are
NO LONGER "FORCES" because we just Eliminated ( " m " ) from both sides of the Equation! Remember...
F
c = m ( V
2/r ) and...... F
g = G m
1M
2/d
2 or (r
2) !!
D U N "DONE". When you cancel " m "...you cancel "The FORCE", simple. This is the epitome of
Mytho-matheMagical Buffoonery.
Turn out the lights when you're
D U N !
EinsHtein's Turn (relativity):
So Relativity, sr and gr via different mechanisms (Speed vs. Gravity), can: Dilate/Bend/Warp...TIME ??
Primary School Falsification:
Sir, TIME is a "Conceptual" relationship between 2 motions. Specifically, it's based on an "
Alleged" single rotation of the Earth on it's axis in respect to the Sun (A Day).
It's a "CONCEPT" (Non-Physical). It is without Chemical Formula/Structure, no Dimensionality/Orthogonality, and no Direction or Location. You can't put some in a jar and paint in red.
I mean c'mon now, let's reason together....can you Dilate/Bend Warp Non-Physical "Concepts"??
Is it your contention that if you have Poison Ivy on the brain you could scratch it by thinking of Sand Paper??
That which you are using to measure....isn't the thing you're measuring.
** A Football Field is 100 Yards long but a Football Field isn't Yardsticks!! If I bend a Yardstick...does the Football Field Bend also? **
So if something affects say...Cesium Atomic Clocks, or any modern "Clock" for that matter, does that then IPSO FACTO mean the Earth's "Alleged" rotation is Affected?
These Two
Mytho-matheMagical Fairytales (sr and gr) were falsified 30 seconds after their respective publications by 3rd graders @ recess, for goodness sakes.
IN TOTO, each are Massive Reification Fallacies on Nuclear Steroids!!
Here's the Grown-Up Falsification:
"Non-Locality"--
(Einstein's, "Spooky Action @ a Distance", SEE: 'EPR Paradox' 1935) where Einstein et al floated a 'thought experiment' in an attempt to 'Debunk' Quantum Mechanics. Why? Well... he couldn't have anything traveling faster than the Speed of Light, cause his 'theories' would IMPLODE. (Side Note: He never published in Physical Review Letters again because he didn't appreciate the Paper being "Peer-Reviewed".
journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777 )...
In the 1960's, John Bell explored Einstein et al thought experiment and proposed an Inequality (Bell's Inequality). If it was shown to be false, Einstein and his theories would take a dirt nap.
www.drchinese...l_Compact.pdf
Bell's Inequality was first Violated Experimentally in 1972 by John Clauser and Stuart Freedman:
dieumsnh.qfb.umich.mx/archivoshistoricosMQ/ModernaHist/Freedman.pdf
Then in 1982, Alain Aspect PhD Physics
Jacked it Forever "Yard" !! Ergo....Einstein and his "theories" =
Dirt Nap !! (He got "de-bunked")
www.qudev.ethz.ch/phys4/studentspresentations/epr/aspect.pdf
Ever since Aspect's Falsification, "Non-Locality" has been
CONFIRMED BY EXPERIMENT roughly 500 times, Without Exception!!! See...
New Scientist "RealityCheck" 23 June 2007: "There is no objective reality beyond what we observe". Leggett's Inequality along with Bell's (again) have been violated. "Rather than passively observing it, WE IN FACT CREATE REALITY". {Emphasis Mine}
SEE: Landmark Parent Paper...
Gröblacher, S. et al; An experimental test of non-local realism Nature 446, 871-875 (19 April 2007) | doi :10.1038/nature05677.
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v446/n7138/full/nature05677.html
AND, Validated/CONFIRMED AGAIN (for the 500th Time) here: Hensen, B et al: Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres; Nature 526, 682–686 (29 October 2015) doi:10.1038/nature15759
www.nature.com/nature/journal/v526/n7575/abs/nature15759.html
THEREFORE: There are 2 Doors that can be breached per the results of these Experiments:
Door #1: Information (however they conjured that) can travel Faster than the Speed of Light. Einstein's 'theories'
KABLOOIE !!!
Door #2: Space and Time are Illusions. Einstein's 'theories'
KABLOOIE !!!
Take your pick...?
Einstein himself after 30 years of attempting a Unified Field Theory finally reckoned with it prior to his death and was partial to the Latter Door (as am I)...
"I must confess that I was not able to find a way to explain the atomistic character of nature. My opinion is if that the objective description through the field as an elementary concept is not possible then one has to find a possibility to
AVOID the continuum (
together with SPACE and TIME)
ALTOGETHER but I have not the slightest idea what kind of elementary concepts could be used in such a theory".--- Letter from Albert Einstein to David Bohm, 28 October 1954.
It's Crystal Clear you need to conjure another "Just So" Story...perhaps this time, ensure it's within 3 degrees of sincerity and some semblance of logical and/or Scientific Coherency. mmm K?
regards