Yet reality shows that this is more complicated than sane and normal people like your and I might believe, because people regularly act out in ways that invite this punishment. Why would anybody deal drugs if the possible outcome was a bullet to the back of the head? I can't imagine ... yet in China, they do.
This is one of the reasons I cited
premeditated crimes. The rate of premeditated crime in China is significantly lower than in most Western countries; but crimes of passion are, so far as I'm aware, pretty much the same (and possibly even slightly more common). I've seen stats on this in the past, but can't find them at the moment (maybe someone else can?).
That's what led to my fairly flippant reply to your post. Is the death penalty in China a deterrent? Apparently not enough of one to the 5,000 people executed last year. I suspect there's an nearly endless supply of people desperate or deluded enough to believe they won't find themselves on the wrong end of a point-blank brain blender.
Deterrent doesn't mean it stops everyone; it means that
fewer people (as a percentage) will do it.
As to why it doesn't stop
everyone...that's fairly simple. There are two main reasons. First is desperation. An awful lot of those convicted and executed for drug-related crimes, for example, are people who were forced to do it. There are documented cases, for example, where a family member faces a potentially deadly disease, such as cancer, and the cost of treatment is simply too much for the family to cover (often the case in China's rural areas). They end up borrowing money from local crime syndicates, who in turn force them to engage in illegal activities (prostitution, drug dealing, etc.) in order to repay them. The choices they see in such a situation are A) do nothing, and let their family member die (a certainty); B) borrow the money, and then refuse to engage in illegal activities to repay it, resulting in retaliatory death (a virtual certainty); or C) borrow the money, then do what they ask you to do, and hope you don't get caught. Of the three options, the last is the one with the
least likelihood of death. Thus, in these cases, I'd agree that a death penalty is not a deterrent.
Second is the "they won't catch me" mindset...one that has proven to be terribly common among an awful lot of criminals. And generally the more incompetent they are, the more likely they are to believe they can't be caught (since the intelligence necessary to develop a really good plan is generally the same intelligence necessary to recognize how likely you are to be caught). Again, for this group, the death penalty won't be much of a deterrent, because they believe it won't apply to them.
So then how does it act as a deterrent? It is still an effective deterrent for those not included in the above two groups. The university student who considers selling drugs to supplement his income. The husband who considers killing his wife so he can be with his younger lover. The people who consider such crimes (as I'm sure many of us have, at least briefly, in the past), but then weigh the potential consequences as being too severe to take the risk. For
this group, a bullet to the back of the head is one hell of a deterrent.
My hope is that China (and America ... and others) realize there are better ways to mete out justice.
My hope is that China (and America...and others) will realize that
prevention is far more effective than punishment. In China, providing more accessible healthcare, and focusing on rural economic development, would go a long long way to decreasing the power of crime syndicates, and giving potential victims viable alternatives to crime.