The birth of the IC
The integrated circuit was first conceived by a radar scientist,
Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (born 1909), working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British
Ministry of Defence, and published in
Washington, D.C. on
May 7,
1952. Dummer unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.
A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in 1957, was proposed to the US Army by
Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy).
[1] However, as the project was gaining momentum, Kilby came up with a new, revolutionary design: the IC.
The first integrated circuits were manufactured independently by two scientists: Jack Kilby of
Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of
germanium on
February 6,
1959. Kilby received patents
U.S. Patent 3138743 ,
U.S. Patent 3138747 ,
U.S. Patent 3261081 , and
U.S. Patent 3434015 .
Robert Noyce of
Fairchild Semiconductor was awarded a patent for a more complex "unitary circuit" made of Silicon on
April 25,
1961. (See
the Chip that Jack built for more information.)