That's your hypothesis, yes; I would argue the opposite. (eta: not really the opposite, but I would argue that it's culture and human progress that make the biggest difference)
I think that what changes is the areas where people are "allowed" to explain the parts of the world in supernatural terms. Human progress has been accomplished by a minute number of individuals. Most humans don't have the slightest idea of many of the fundamental important advances that make our world modern. The modern era is seconds in length in terms of human history. We have advanced much faster (in the last two centuries) in terms of tecnology and overall progress than our evolutionary brains. It has been well establish that humans have a very hard time with understanding probability.
Critical thinking and education don't go hand-in-hand, though. More of the world now is educated than ever before. There's no requirement for good critical thinking skills to graduate high school, and there are plenty of good critical thinkers/extremely smart people, who don't pursue academic studies.
Critical thinking and "formal" education don't go hand-in-hand. Critical thinking and education go hand-in-hand because it is inevitable for critical thinkers. The quality of this critical thinking depends on the information available to the individual, of course.
That's part of your hypothesis, then? Remember that culture plays a huge role in all this. You don't think that anybody could become an atheist? Nobody is born a theist, those beliefs have to be learned.
Yes, of course no one is born a theist like nobody is born with the ability to walk or speak any language. Our brains, once developed, will tend to "see" supernatural elements.
Becoming an atheist doesn't mean giving up supernatural elements altogether. There are plenty of atheists who believe in ghosts, visiting aliens, or other spirits.
I understand this. I would consider these people in the category of people with brains that tend to include supernatural elements. From these individuals I don't think we would find much differences from the general population.
I would say that the brain wants to explain things period. When the natural elements aren't understood, people will include the supernatural.
Please remember that there were individuals who went against the natural tendency to explain things not understood to include the supernatural. It was thanks to these few individuals that the unknown was explained through science. And you bring my point exactly. Most people, when things aren't understood, they include the supernatural. But, my hypothesis is that there are few brains that when things are not understood try to find explanations that do not include the supernatural.
That's not the case anymore. We know that demons don't cause epilepsy or cholera. We can predict the weather patterns without offering up sacrifices to the gods. Humans on the whole have natural explanations for all kinds of things, so anybody who wants an answer can find a real one, and nobody will be forced to make stuff up.
In places where information is not readily available, humans still explain things with all these supernatural elements. If who ask most people for explanations of complicated things (important things) I believe most wont be able to explain or understand them.
I think that's too low. Much of China is atheist (and please don't ignore Wolfman's input on this point, as he's lived in China for 15 years), and much of western Europe is becoming less theistic. A lot of people are still social theists, but don't actually believe in any sky daddies.
One thing is the label, another is the true implication of atheism. People might think they are atheist because they are different from the religious theists. But, it is possible that these, so called atheists, have their personal brand of religion with particular sorts of deities.
Those logical consistencies still exist. Plenty of atheists believe in other supernatural nonsense. Buddhists don't believe in any gods, but they believe in reincarnation. Many First Nations people believe in animal and tree spirits, but not in any gods.
I would say the brains of these individual would not differ in any way with most of the population.
It's not just atheists who know about natural explanations for illnesses. Nearly every theist knows that if you get sick, you go to a doctor. They just pray on top of it. The atheists will thank the doctor, and the theist will thank their doctor and their god. But they both know that the disease was caused by a virus or cancer, or some malfunctioning organ.
I could guess that most atheists (who are critical thinkers, contrarians, skeptics) understand much more about illnesses and how medicines and treatments work. Most of the population have no understanding of illnesses are at the hands of doctors. Many times this is a very dangerous thing.
Most theist believe there are other elements involved then only the materialist explanations.
