What tenets of Critical Social Justice distinguish it from, say, mainstream liberalism?
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I agree with what jt512 said. Critical Social Justice is not just a niche variant of 'social justice'. It is fundamentally opposed to the core foundational principles of liberal social justice. It is underpinned by postmodernist denial of objective truth, and the ideas that free speech and science are ways of getting closer to the truth. Everything is a narrative, reality is constructed through language, all truth claims are attempts to control the narrative, and all knowledge is constructed as a means of preserving power.
More specifically, that even if objective truth does exist, the methods we use to uncover it such as reason, logic, debate and scientific methods are themselves just tools constructed to maintain power and privilege and are corrupted by positionality, therefore they cannot be said to be more likely to result in truth than any other methods.
Logically, therefore, there is no way of choosing between competing ideas or theories based on any of these methods. The only reason to prefer one idea or truth claim over another is ideological, and if you want your ideas to win, the only way is to make sure you control the narrative. In other words, make sure you are the ones with the power to construct reality, control language, write the narrative, and suppress the speech of and punish those who dissent.
Of course, there is a problem here in competing ideas and claims cannot be compared and evaluated for truth, and of course CSJ people do believe their ideas are superior. The answer is that dominant ideas reflect the interests of those with power, so it follows that if we construct a hierarchy of oppression and then claim that our idea is the narrative of the most marginalized, it must be true that this narrative has been unjustly 'drowned out', and therefore needs to be elevated. Therefore, by claiming to speak on behalf of the marginalized, you are morally righteous and don't have to produce any argument or evidence, engage in genuine debate, or tolerate criticism of your ideas or claims. Any criticism must necessarily reflect an attempt by the privileged to preserve their power and oppress others. Of course, you may pretend to use argument as a tactic if it will work to advance your narrative and to silence your opponent's, but these are not means to determine the correct conclusion. They are only useful if they serve to convince people to support the narrative that must be correct (and if you can't do this by easier means such as mocking, shaming ostracism, getting people fired, or inflicting other punitive 'consequences' on people for speaking into the wrong narrative).
Anyway, I'm sure you know all this. I'm a bit confused by your question, because all of these ideas predate people like Pluckrose, Lindsay etc. They are the foundation of every authoritarian, totalitarian and fundamentalist cult/political/social movement that ever existed, and they keep cropping up over and over again in new guises, they fit with the way the human mind tends to work, and they especially appeal to people with particular psychological characteristics. Liberalism is an explicit attempt to oppose these tendencies.