International support[edit]
Far-right[edit]
Assad has attracted support from the far-right both before and during the Syrian Civil War. Former leader of the Ku Klux Klan David Duke hosted a televised speech on Syrian national television in 2005.[188] The Ukrainian far right figure Georgy Shchokin was invited to Syria in 2006 by the Syrian foreign minister and awarded a medal by the Ba'ath party, while Shchokin's institution the Interregional Academy of Personnel Management awarded Assad with an honorary doctorate.[189] In 2014, research by the Simon Wiesenthal Center concluded that Bashar al-Assad had, like his father Hafez al-Assad, sheltered Nazi war criminal Alois Brunner in Syria. Brunner was Adolf Eichmann’s top lieutenant and was believed to have advised the Assad regime on torture techniques[190] and on purging Syria's Jewish community.[191] Brunner is thought to have died in Syria of natural causes in 2010.
The National Front in France has been a prominent supporter of Assad since the civil war,[192] as has the former leader of the neo-fascist Third Way (Troisième voie) organization.[188] In Italy, the far right parties Forza Nuova and CasaPound have both been supportive of Assad, with Forza Nuova putting up pro-Assad posters and the party's leader praising Assad's commitment to the ideology of Arab nationalism in 2013,[193] while CasaPound has issued statements of support for Assad.[194] Syrian Social Nationalist Party representative Ouday Ramadan has worked in Italy to organize support movements for Assad.[195] The National Revival of Poland also has a positive view of the Assad regime.[188] The Greek Neo-Nazi political party Golden Dawn has spoken out in favor of the Assad regime,[196] and the more radical Strasserist group Black Lily has claimed to have sent mercenaries to Syria to fight alongside the Syrian regime, specifically mentioning their participation in the Battle of al-Qusayr.[197]
Far-right politician Nick Griffin, the former leader of the British National Party, has been chosen by the Assad regime to represent the United Kingdom as an ambassador and at regime-held conferences; Griffin had been an official guest of the Assad regime three times since the outbreak of the civil war.[198] The European Solidarity Front for Syria, representing several extreme right political groups from across Europe, has had their delegations received by the Syrian national parliament, with one particular delegation being met by Syrian head of parliament Mohammad Jihad al-Laham, Prime Minister Wael Nader Al-Halqi and Deputy Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad.[195] Most recently, Assad met with Filip Dewinter of the Belgian far-right party Vlaams Belang.[199]
Left-wing[edit]
Left-wing support for Assad has been split since the start of the Syrian Civil War;[200] the Assad regime has been accused of cynically manipulating sectarian identity and anti-imperialism to continue its worst activities.[201] Before the Civil War, British Member of Parliament George Galloway said of Bashar al-Assad, and the country he leads, during a visit to the University of Damascus in November 2005: "For me he is the last Arab ruler, and Syria is the last Arab country. It is the fortress of the remaining dignity of the Arabs,"[202] and a "breath of fresh air,"[203] Galloway later criticized the Assad regime at the outset of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, dismissing its "gross distortions" regarding the uprising.[204] In April 2007, "House Speaker Nancy Pelosi held talks with Syria's leader Wednesday despite White House objections," according to USA Today.[205] The New York Times reported that Representatives Henry A. Waxman and Tom Lantos of California, Louise M. Slaughter of New York, Nick J. Rahall II of West Virginia, Keith Ellison of Minnesota, and David L. Hobson Ohio joined Pelosi's trip.[206] Pelosi called her visit to Syria the "road to peace," according to the Associated Press.[207]
Hadash has expressed support for the regime of Bashar al-Assad.[208] The leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, Nicolás Maduro, reiterated his full support for the Syrian people in their struggle for peace and reiterates its strong condemnation of "the destabilizing actions that are still in Syria, with encouragement from members of NATO".[209] The leader of the National Liberation Front, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, has sent a cable of congratulations to President of Syria, Bashar al-Assad, on the occasion of winning the presidential elections.[210] The leader of the People's Progressive Party, Donald Ramotar, said that Assad's win in the presidential election is a great victory for Syria.[211] The leader of the African National Congress, Jacob Zuma, congratulated Assad on winning the presidential elections.[212] The leader of the Sandinista National Liberation Front, Daniel Ortega, has said that President Assad's victory [in the presidential elections] is an important step to "attain peace in Syria and a clear cut evidence that the Syrian people trust their president as a national leader and support his policies which aim at maintaining Syria's sovereignty and unity".[213] The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine supports the Assad regime.[214][215] The leader of Fatah, Mahmoud Abbas, has said that electing President Assad means "preserving Syria’s unity and sovereignty and that it will help end the crisis and confront terrorism, wishing prosperity and safety to Syria".[216][217][218]