• Quick note - the problem with Youtube videos not embedding on the forum appears to have been fixed, thanks to ZiprHead. If you do still see problems let me know.

Can one disprove Jesus' resurrection?

Can one disprove Jesus' resurrection?


  • Total voters
    84
  • Poll closed .
Can we agree that atheism is a negative; i.e an atheist doesn't believe in God.
But that doesn't say anything on the position of epistemology.


No we do not agree... AT ALL!!!

Atheism is SANITY... RATIONALITY... LOGICALITY... REALISM... INTELLEGENCE... SCIENTIFIC.

But that doesn't say anything on the position of epistemology.


In fact it says EVERYTHING about an epistemological position... I suggest you go and look up the word epistemology and you will see why you are TALKING GIBBERISH AGAIN.

After you have looked that word up in a dictionary and figured out what it actually means instead of your rubbish current understanding... use the same dictionary and look up the meaning of these words
  • Coherent
  • Educated
  • Rational
  • Logical
  • Sane
  • Reasonable
  • Realistic
  • Intelligent
  • Skeptical
  • Scientific

Now look these words up
  • Gullible
  • Credulous
  • Wishful
  • Superstitious
  • Deluded
  • Ignorant
  • Benighted
  • Irrational
  • Illogical

I suggest you adopt an epistemological position consistent with the former list and maybe one day you might understand why atheism is not a negative.

<snip some rubbish>

In short the problem of avoiding dogmatic, circular or infinite claims has never been solved. Neither by atheists nor theists or anybody else as such including me. So in practice there are some people who claim that everybody else use dogmatic, circular or infinite claims, but he/she doesn't. That is special pleading btw.


Absolute poppycock and twaddle.

I suggest you look up the Scientific Method and read up on it very well.... you are blatantly and arrantly wrong.

Total ignorance of science.

Maybe if you in fact learned about science and understood it (if you are capable of doing so) then perhaps you could understand why what you say above is absolute claptrap.


With regards and may Quetzalcoatl bless you.
 
Last edited:
...
I suggest you look up the Scientific Method and read up on it very well.... you are blatantly and arrantly wrong.

...

So from your link; first paragraph:
"The scientific method is an ongoing process, which usually begins with observations about the natural world. Human beings are naturally inquisitive, so they often come up with questions about things they see or hear and often develop ideas (hypotheses) about why things are the way they are. ..."

I see or rather read your quote:
“With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion.”
― Steven Weinberg

Then I ask the following questions:
How do you, Leumas, see good people?
How do you, Leumas, see good things?
How do you, Leumas, hear good people?
How do you, Leumas, hear good people?

In general how do you, Leumas, observe good and evil?
How do you, Leumas, explain good and evil?

With regards
 
Can we agree that atheism is a negative; i.e an atheist doesn't believe in God.
And a theist does not believe in an atheist. And a I believe you don't have a point.

In practice it works like this:
Someone: I believe X with reason and so on.
Me: Yes, but there is problem - if we look closer it in effect says this; my thinking is what causes X to exist.

Hard to tell if this is a finished statement, or a set-up for the next bit. Either way, it doesn't work. You can be hit from a direction you're not thinking about, it still hammers you.

In the recorded history of mankind no one has found a criterion of truth/fact/evidence/proof, which didn't turn out to be either dogmatic, circular or infinite.

You know this for a fact. QED.

So for the purpose of epistemology I believe that the universe doesn't cheat and there is a world which matches my first person experiences. For the problem of there being a world tomorrow I act as if there will be one, but I don't believe that my thinking is what causes that there will be a world tomorrow.

Which, I'm guessing your meaning, hinges on "belief" and is not a controversial point.

The base-line sentience we each display is essentially a mystery and grounded in a brain that creates the I who thinks stuff. I am not in control, it's all on rails running on the fabric of a reality I will never see or understand.

So what? You keep making this point. Why? Do you want a badge?

In short the problem of avoiding dogmatic, circular or infinite claims has never been solved. Neither by atheists nor theists or anybody else as such including me. So in practice there are some people who claim that everybody else use dogmatic, circular or infinite claims, but he/she doesn't. That is special pleading btw.

Oh, so that's the reason. This is your nuclear device: all arguments are the same because no one has reality in their corner. Except when you speak ex cathedra.

So if it's all moot, what boon this boot?
 
Then I ask the following questions:
How do you, Leumas, see good people?
How do you, Leumas, see good things?
How do you, Leumas, hear good people?
How do you, Leumas, hear good people?

In general how do you, Leumas, observe good and evil?


I use my eyes to see and ears to hear and all my senses combined with my brain to observe... regardless of if it is people or things either good or bad or neither.

How do you, Leumas, explain good and evil?


Now this question is a meaningful one that does require some serious answering.

Unfortunately I would be wasting my time trying to explain to you.

Maybe if one day you have adopted the epistemological positions in the first list mentioned in this post and you have read beyond the first paragraph of an article on the Scientific Method and you can therefore realize the errors of your statements in this post and come back and post here
  • Admitting that atheism is not a negative but rather SANITY... RATIONALITY... LOGICALITY... REALISM... INTELLEGENCE... SCIENTIFIC.
  • That the statement below is utter poppycock and twaddle and a blatantly arrant ignorance of science.
    In short the problem of avoiding dogmatic, circular or infinite claims has never been solved. Neither by atheists nor theists or anybody else as such including me. So in practice there are some people who claim that everybody else use dogmatic, circular or infinite claims, but he/she doesn't. That is special pleading btw.
  • And admit that this post of yours was nothing but benighted ignorance (and this one).

Then maybe I would consider it worth my while to engage in a meaningful discussion with you.

By the way if you are doubting the wisdom of this quote
Steven Weinberg said:
“With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion.”
― Steven Weinberg​


Have a look at the video at the end of this post and of course the rest of the post.... and this post.




With regards and love and may Kali bless you.
 
Last edited:
...

So if it's all moot, what boon this boot?

Maybe you can answer regarding this quote:
“With or without religion, you would have good people doing good things and evil people doing evil things. But for good people to do evil things, that takes religion.”
― Steven Weinberg

What is good and evil?

Here is a practical question:
You work in a shelter for battered men and women. There is a new arrival, a young woman, visibly the victim of violence. She has a young baby, which shows signs of neglect. What do you do?

With regards
 
Last edited:
How do you, Leumas, explain good and evil?

Now this question is a meaningful one that does require some serious answering.

Unfortunately I would be wasting my time trying to explain to you.

Well, you could do the following. Consider me a lost cause, but maybe you could answer none the less, because you could reuse your answer for another time. Further someone might be reading this thread and learn something about good and evil.

With regards
 
What is good and evil?

It's actually very simple.

(with apologies to Matt Dillahunty for the poor paraphrasing).

Evil is anything that detracts from societal health. Good is anything that contributes to societal health.

In the same way we know that drinking battery acid is bad for your health, we can identify things that are good for, and bad for, societal health.

For example, we know murder is bad for societal health, as not only does it cause the death of members of our society, but people feel unsafe etc.

Why dont we all want bad societal health? Because we have evolved as social creatures. If we hadnt, we probably wouldnt be here.

There are many cases where *intuitively* people think something is bad for societal health, but after careful consideration we arrive at the opposite conclusion. There are also cases where intuitively we think something is good for societal health, but later realise it's bad. Alcohol consumption springs to mind?

It really isnt all that difficult. If you're looking for an objective measure of good/evil I hate to disappoint you, but there isnt one, and we dont need one anyway.
 
Well, you could do the following. Consider me a lost cause, but maybe you could answer none the less, because you could reuse your answer for another time. Further someone might be reading this thread and learn something about good and evil.

With regards


This has nothing to do with not being able to disprove that Jesus was a zombie in 33 CE.

You have played similar shenanigans of warping all standards and measures of reason and reality before in many threads trying to derail them.

Here have a look
 
....Evil is anything that detracts from societal health....


Would stuff like this count as a societal detremant?

Leviticus 26:14-32
If ye will not hearken unto me, and will not do all these commandments;.....I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of your children, and destroy your cattle, and make you few in number; and your high ways shall be desolate.....And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat.​

Mark 16:16
He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.​

Luke 19:27
But those mine enemies, which would not that I should reign over them, bring hither, and slay them before me.​

Matthew 25:31-41
When the Son of man shall come in his glory, and all the holy angels with him, then shall he sit upon the throne of his glory: And before him shall be gathered all nations: and he shall separate them one from another, as a shepherd divideth [his] sheep from the goats: And he shall set the sheep on his right hand, but the goats on the left Then shall he say also unto them on the left hand, Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire , prepared for the devil and his angels:​

Matthew 13:49
So shall it be at the end of the world: the angels shall come forth, and sever the wicked from among the just, And shall cast them into the furnace of fire: there shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth.​

Mathew 10:37
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me.

Matthew 15:24-26
But he answered and said, I am not sent but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel. Then came she and worshipped him, saying, Lord, help me. But he answered and said, It is not meet to take the children's bread, and to cast it to dogs.​

Deuteronomy 21:18-21
21:18 If a man have a stubborn and rebellious son, which will not obey the voice of his father, or the voice of his mother, and that, when they have chastened him, will not hearken unto them:
21:19 Then shall his father and his mother lay hold on him, and bring him out unto the elders of his city, and unto the gate of his place;
21:20 And they shall say unto the elders of his city, This our son is stubborn and rebellious, he will not obey our voice; he is a glutton, and a drunkard.
21:21 And all the men of his city shall stone him with stones, that he die: so shalt thou put evil away from among you; and all Israel shall hear, and fear.​

Deuteronomy 13
13:1 If there arise among you a prophet, or a dreamer of dreams, and giveth thee a sign or a wonder,
13:2 And the sign or the wonder come to pass, whereof he spake unto thee, saying, Let us go after other gods, which thou hast not known, and let us serve them;
13:3 Thou shalt not hearken unto the words of that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams: for the LORD your God proveth you, to know whether ye love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul.
13:4 Ye shall walk after the LORD your God, and fear him, and keep his commandments, and obey his voice, and ye shall serve him, and cleave unto him.
13:5 And that prophet, or that dreamer of dreams, shall be put to death; because he hath spoken to turn you away from the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, and redeemed you out of the house of bondage, to thrust thee out of the way which the LORD thy God commanded thee to walk in. So shalt thou put the evil away from the midst of thee.
13:6 If thy brother, the son of thy mother, or thy son, or thy daughter, or the wife of thy bosom, or thy friend, which is as thine own soul, entice thee secretly, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which thou hast not known, thou, nor thy fathers;
13:7 Namely, of the gods of the people which are round about you, nigh unto thee, or far off from thee, from the one end of the earth even unto the other end of the earth;
13:8 Thou shalt not consent unto him, nor hearken unto him; neither shall thine eye pity him, neither shalt thou spare, neither shalt thou conceal him:
13:9 But thou shalt surely kill him; thine hand shall be first upon him to put him to death, and afterwards the hand of all the people.
13:10 And thou shalt stone him with stones, that he die; because he hath sought to thrust thee away from the LORD thy God, which brought thee out of the land of Egypt, from the house of bondage.
13:11 And all Israel shall hear, and fear, and shall do no more any such wickedness as this is among you.
13:12 If thou shalt hear say in one of thy cities, which the LORD thy God hath given thee to dwell there, saying,
13:13 Certain men, the children of Belial, are gone out from among you, and have withdrawn the inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve other gods, which ye have not known;
13:14 Then shalt thou enquire, and make search, and ask diligently; and, behold, if it be truth, and the thing certain, that such abomination is wrought among you;
13:15 Thou shalt surely smite the inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword, destroying it utterly, and all that is therein, and the cattle thereof, with the edge of the sword.​


Would a god who admits to being a lying vain monster and the founders of his religion having been nothing but a bunch of accomplished liars and huckstering poltroons also count as a societal harm?


Of course that is not surprising when you consider that Jesus (the counter ego of YHWH) was already, for a long time before, quite versed in LYING and DECEPTION.
Ezekiel 14:9 And if the prophet be deceived when he hath spoken a thing, I the LORD have deceived that prophet, and I will stretch out my hand upon him, and will destroy him from the midst of my people
Israel.

2 Chronicles 18:22 Now therefore, behold, the LORD hath put a lying spirit in the mouth of these thy prophets


Notice how he CONTROLS and manipulates poor Pharaoh so as to eventually feign an excuse to massacre children and animals (as he always loved to do).... and for what.... so that he can glorify himself.
Romans 9:17 For the Scripture says to Pharaoh: "I raised you up for this very purpose, that I might display my power in you and that my name might be proclaimed in all the earth." 18 Therefore God has mercy on whom he wants to have mercy, and he hardens whom he wants to harden.​

Notice here what he admits to doing..... and all for what... to glorify himself.
Ezekiel 20:25-26 Wherefore I gave them also statutes that were not good, and judgments whereby they should not live; And I polluted them in their own gifts, in that they caused to pass through the fire all that openeth the womb, that I might make them desolate, to the end that they might know that I am the LORD.​

Look how he cheats and tricks poor Ahab here
1 Kings 22:22-23 The angel answered, ‘I will go out and become a spirit of lies in the mouths of Ahab’s prophets—they will all speak lies.’ So the Lord said, ‘Yes, that will fool Ahab. Go out and do that.’ So that is what has happened here. The Lord made your prophets lie to you. The Lord himself decided to bring this disaster to you.​

But Above all.... who but the vilest of demons and devils.... who but the most heinous of monsters would say stuff like this
Leviticus 26:14-32 If ye will not hearken unto me, and will not do all these commandments;.....I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of your children, and destroy your cattle, and make you few in number; and your high ways shall be desolate.....And ye shall eat the flesh of your sons, and the flesh of your daughters shall ye eat.​

And of course his followers LYING for his sake is a good indication of who Jesus really was.
Paul dissimulates and hucksters and shysters for Jesus's sake
  • 1 Corinthians 9:20-23 To the Jews I became like a Jew, to win the Jews. To those under the law I became like one under the law (though I myself am not under the law), so as to win those under the law. To those not having the law I became like one not having the law (though I am not free from God's law but am under Christ's law), so as to win those not having the law. To the weak I became weak, to win the weak. I have become all things to all people so that by all possible means I might save some. I do all this for the sake of the gospel, that I may share in its blessings."

Eusebius, Emperor Constantine's bishop, legalizes deception for Jesus' sake
  • How it may be lawful and fitting to use falsehood as a medicine, and for the benefit of those who want to be deceived.

And Martin Luther the founder of Protestantism sanctified lying for Jesus' sake
  • What harm would it do, if a man told a good strong lie for the sake of the good and for the Christian church ... a lie out of necessity, a useful lie, a helpful lie, such lies would not be against God, he would accept them.

Martin Luther also explained why reason is not something Jesus' followers should value
  • Reason is the greatest enemy that faith has; it never comes to the aid of spiritual things, but - more frequently than not - struggles against the divine Word, treating with contempt all that emanates from God

And Jesus fully agreed with him
  • Proverbs 3:5 Trust in the LORD with all thine heart; and lean not unto thine own understanding.
  • 1 Corinthians 1:19 For it is written, I will destroy the wisdom of the wise, and will bring to nothing the understanding of the prudent.
  • 1 Corinthians 1:21 For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe.
  • 1 Corinthians 1:27 But God hath chosen the foolish things of the world to confound the wise;
 
Last edited:
"Can one disprove Jesus' resurrection?"

Can one prove a silly fable?


Which has been the instigator of one of the vilest theologies ever envisaged by humanity.

One which is an insult to any god worthy of the title if one could possible exist.

Thomas Paine
  • What is it the Bible teaches us? - raping, cruelty, and murder. What is it the New Testament teaches us? - to believe that the Almighty committed debauchery with a woman engaged to be married, and the belief of this debauchery is called faith.
    _
  • Of all the systems of religion that ever were invented, there is no more derogatory to the Almighty, more unedifiying to man, more repugnant to reason, and more contradictory to itself than this thing called Christianity. Too absurd for belief, too impossible to convince, and too inconsistent for practice, it renders the heart torpid or produces only atheists or fanatics. As an engine of power, it serves the purpose of despotism, and as a means of wealth, the avarice of priests, but so far as respects the good of man in general it leads to nothing here or hereafter.
    _
  • The Church was resolved to have a New Testament, and as, after the lapse of more than three hundred years, no handwriting could be proved or disproved, the Church, which like former impostors had then gotten possession of the State, had everything its own way. It invented creeds, such as that called the Apostle's Creed, the Nicean Creed, the Athanasian Creed, and out of the loads of rubbish that were presented it voted four to be Gospels, and others to be Epistles, as we now find them arranged.
    _
  • The declaration which says that God visits the sins of the fathers upon the children is contrary to every principle of moral justice.
    _
  • When I see throughout this book, called the Bible, a history of the grossest vices and a collection of the most paltry and contemptible tales and stories, I could not so dishonor my Creator by calling it by His name.
    _
  • It is far better that we admitted a thousand devils to roam at large than that we permitted one such imposter and monster as Moses, Joshua, Samuel, and the Bible prophets, to come with the pretended word of God and have credit among us.
    _
  • As to the book called the bible, it is blasphemy to call it the Word of God. It is a book of lies and contradictions and a history of bad times and bad men.
    _
  • We must be compelled to hold this doctrine to be false, and the old and new law called the Old and New Testament, to be impositions, fables and forgeries.
    _
  • Whenever we read the obscene stories, the voluptuous debaucheries, the cruel and tortuous executions, the unrelenting vindictiveness with which more than half the Bible is filled, it would be more consistant that we call it the word of a demon than the word of God. It is a history of wickedness that has served to corrupt and brutalize mankind; and, for my part, I sincerely detest it, as I detest everything that is cruel.
    _
  • The most detestable wickedness, the most horrid cruelties, and the greatest miseries that have afflicted the human race have had their origin in this thing called revelation, or revealed religion. It has been the most destructive to the peace of man since man began to exist. Among the most detestable villains in history, you could not find one worse than Moses, who gave an order to butcher the boys, to massacre the mothers and then rape the daughters. One of the most horrible atrocities found in the literature of any nation. I would not dishonor my Creator's name by attaching it to this filthy book.
 
Last edited:
Do you consider the stuff cited in this post to be evil or good?

Interesting choice of words including the word "consider". As far as I can make out, no matter whether I consider gravity to be real or not, it won't change how gravity works no matter what I consider about gravity. But it seems that you accept that good and evil is not quite the same as gravity? Or maybe I have overlooked something concerning the word "consider"?

With regards
 
It's actually very simple.

(with apologies to Matt Dillahunty for the poor paraphrasing).

Evil is anything that detracts from societal health. Good is anything that contributes to societal health.

In the same way we know that drinking battery acid is bad for your health, we can identify things that are good for, and bad for, societal health.

For example, we know murder is bad for societal health, as not only does it cause the death of members of our society, but people feel unsafe etc.

Why dont we all want bad societal health? Because we have evolved as social creatures. If we hadnt, we probably wouldnt be here.

There are many cases where *intuitively* people think something is bad for societal health, but after careful consideration we arrive at the opposite conclusion. There are also cases where intuitively we think something is good for societal health, but later realise it's bad. Alcohol consumption springs to mind?

It really isnt all that difficult. If you're looking for an objective measure of good/evil I hate to disappoint you, but there isnt one, and we dont need one anyway.

Have you consider that what you claim is not just simple, but to simple? You know - "Keep it simple, but not to simple." :)

With regards
 
Let me try :)

Good and evil has nothing to do with religion, period!


All this is giving me a very dreary sense of Déjà Vu.

One of the problems of having a short attention span is that one does not remember what one has done only a few month ago.


Okay, what they did was wrong, evil and vile. But you know what - it has nothing to do in particular with them being Christians or theists. This sort of thing has being going on for ages in the name of what ever "excuse" worked and yes, I wish we lived in a better world, but we don't. So what do you do in your everyday life to make it better? That is what counts.


Permit me to try to explain why it has a lot to do with being a Christian in particular and a theist in general.


But first let me address this part

So what do you do in your everyday life to make it better? That is what counts.


Yes I agree, and one of the ways to "make it better" IS to prosecute, try, judge, and carry out the sentence on people who do "wrong, evil and vile" things.

We do not suspend opinions and judgment about their "wrong, evil and vile" doings because the same has been done over and over again.

This sort of thing has being going on for ages in the name of what ever "excuse" worked ...


Yes, viruses and diseases and parasites and all sorts of calamities are the causes of disasters and suffering.

When you are trying to fight a particular viral disease you do not say "it has nothing to do in particular with it being an Ebola virus. This sort of thing has been going on for ages caused by whatever...".

You identify the virus causing THIS CURRENT INFECTION and tackle this PARTICULAR VIRUS for now.... you can combat other virus strains when they too start infecting... but we still need to tackle THIS SPECIFIC virus that is CURRENTLY infecting by using treatment aimed at it.

Okay, what they did was wrong, evil and vile. But you know what - it has nothing to do in particular with them being Christians or theists....


So is being a Theist in general and Christian in particular conducive to doing wrong, evil and vile things?

The answer is most definitely and emphatically YES.

History proves it most decisively. All you need is to read some of the history of humanity in general and Christian, Muslim, Jews, Hindu, Maya, Aztec etc. etc. nations in particular.

If a person truly believes in a god he might postulate to himself that if his deeds are wrong, evil and vile then surely god would stop him and the fact that he did do it without god stopping him (or even thinking that god told him to do it) is proof that he was justly justified.

But let's have a look at the Christian ETHIC and see if it can be conducive to doing wrong, evil and vile things with a relaxed mindset.

The in and of itself, wrong and evil and vile concept of atonement and salvation by just believing in Christ is a mental opium (see this thread) that can numb and warp a person's faculties while they are succumbing to their base instincts.... “Jesus will forgive me”, they might subconsciously posit and the more they really and truly and deeply believe in the vile concept the more they are numbed and warped in their subconscious as well as conscious thinking.

Much like Christians arguing NOW that it was OK for Jews to genocide and holocaust entire nations and peoples because god ordered it in the bible.

Much like Christians who argue NOW that it was ok for Abraham to go ahead with slaughtering his son because god ordered it.

The same vitiated mental process that caused the above illogic also can cause many other wrong, evil and vile things to be done by individuals as well as groups and even whole nations.

  • The wrong, vile, and evil persecution of Gays and denying them equal citizenship privileges.
  • The wrong, vile and evil mind warping that causes a person to target and kill abortion clinic staff.
  • The wrong, evil and vile obstruction of education based upon rational realities.
  • The wrong, evil and vile support for things that would cause world destruction.
The above and much more are all symptoms of mentally vitiated “thinking” as a result of Christian ethics.

So, yes, evil people can use whatever excuse to justify their deeds, but Christianity (along with Islam and Judaism) IS CURRENTLY BEING used (and has been throughout history) as an extremely effective JUSTIFICATION as well as CAUSATIVE IMPETUS for wrong, evil and vile deeds.
 
Last edited:
Interesting choice of words including the word "consider". As far as I can make out, no matter whether I consider gravity to be real or not, it won't change how gravity works no matter what I consider about gravity. But it seems that you accept that good and evil is not quite the same as gravity? Or maybe I have overlooked something concerning the word "consider"?


Your post below is probably the best gobbledygook in reply to the gibberish in your post above.

Have you consider that what you claim is not just simple, but to simple? You know - "Keep it simple, but not to simple." :)


With regards and may Mars protect you.
 
Last edited:
All this is giving me a very dreary sense of Déjà Vu.

One of the problems of having a short attention span is that one does not remember what one has done only a few month ago.

Okay, "So, yes, evil people can use whatever excuse to justify their deeds, ..."! :)

It seems to follow that you are using two kinds of evil. Evil and evil in the name of religion. So let me ask you this what is evil in general and not just evil in the name of religion?

With regards
 
Okay, "So, yes, evil people can use whatever excuse to justify their deeds, ..."! :)

It seems to follow that you are using two kinds of evil. Evil and evil in the name of religion. So let me ask you this what is evil in general and not just evil in the name of religion?

With regards


Use a dictionary!

Regards and may Bastet look after you!
 
Last edited:

Back
Top Bottom