Oh well, there's always category (a) if you prefer.
Also this
Each state has its own supreme court, which would be closer to the ISC. The US federal courts have a function similar to the European Courts, as I understand it.
Is roughly correct, in the sense that federal law in the US trumps state law, as I suppose the EU overall court can trump decisions made by courts in individual countries. (The federal gov't of course can choose not to enforce its laws. Here in Seattle it's legal now to use recreational marijuana, though it's still a federal crime. The feds aren't going to come to my house and bust me if my neighbor shows up with weed he wants to share.)
In the US, convictions of crimes can be appealed to the next highest court, but the process is expensive. People on trial have the right to an attorney, but convicted people do not, no matter how specious the evidence against them was or how badly their representation in the first trial screwed up.
The Innocence Project has changed that a little bit, but they can't possibly take on all the cases that involve people wrongfully convicted.
Americans have trouble imagining that the prosecution can appeal an acquittal . . .even after the OJ Simpson verdict, which was very widely seen as a failure of the system, everybody knew that he wasn't going to be tried again. (He did get taken to civil court, but that was only going to punish him with fines, not imprisonment.)