I love this thread, this is one of the things I've long thought about.
Teleporting the ST way uses the same technology as the replicator in ST. A copy is made and the original destroyed. I would not be happy to use it because I'd be "killed" and my clone would prevent life insurance payout. But what about transporting?
I have a thought experiment on this. Deconstruction. Start by removing the finger and replacing it with a transplanted finger. Are "you" still "you"? I believe the answer is yes. Indeed, organ transplants are common enough and I haven't heard anybody say that they don't feel like it is a part of them. That's not to say it doesn't happen. Indeed, when I look at my arms I think of them as appendages I control, not actually a required part of me to be "me". So continue with this, the only body part where it seems to make a difference is the brain. When the brain is replaced, the identity changes.
So now let's start deconstructing the brain. If Dr. Frankenstein moved your brain from your body to another body, I think you'd agree that "you" are in the new body even though the shell of more than 85% of your DNA is lying on the other table.
Suppose Dr. Frankenstein started moving your brain one square centimeter at a time into a new body, reconnecting all parts and did this while you were fully awake and did it in such as way that at one point half of your brain in the other body was fully connected to one eyeball, one ear, half of the spinal cord, etc. and the other half was still connected to the original body. At that moment, there are TWO yous, independent and experiencing separate things and not communicating with each other. So which one is "you?" One of you goes out to a party with Dr Frankenstein, the other one stays behind in the lab cleaning the surgical tools. No clones here.
But the thought experiment doesn't end there. After a short time, the rest of the operation is now completed and your brain is now fully reassembled, having both experiences but now just one individual mind having experienced those things simultaneously. At what point does your awareness of yourself arrive in the new body?
Try wrapping your mind around that
