if Bell exaggerated, it was not by much.
In 1865 there were new territories to be settled, there were chances for black people to lay claim to and own land and there were opportunities for them to enter the trades and professions that the industrialization of America opened up.
There were, off course, times when the KKKrap and such slime rose up against blacks, but the trend has always been toward full participation in mainstream American society.
More important was the gradual entry of blacks into the trade unions. This brought a lot more of them into the middle class.
But the atttacks on trade unions by the right wing is eroding that structure and closing the door on a lot of people black and white. The less ethical among the right wingers are, of course, trying to convince white working people that black people are keeping them from getting the good jobs.
Disparate application of criminal justice is depriving more black people of the chance even to hold a decent job, let alone get ahead. Just consider the different sentences for posession of the same amounts of crack or powdered cocaine.
Racism is not dead. It is not going to go away of its own accord. It is just going to put on a nicer suit and get a job on talk radio or an internet blog.