Addendum:
The problem seems to be that some people feel there is a unique YOU which apparently transcends any relation to the physical YOU. As if YOU exist in some way apart from any machinery which generates YOU. As if you have a soul.
No, there is a unique instance of you that is a part of the continuous and dynamic physical you. Creating a second 'you' does not satisfy the continuous, dynamic aspect of what you are; it only creates a copy of you.
You dont. Or rather, there is no reason to suspect you do.
YOU are generated from your physical body. And your body consists of elementary particles. And it is known that there no difference between one elementary particle of type X from another of type X. Except their quantum states. And since the quantum states are copied when you use the teleporter, I don't understand what could possibly remain to distinguish the original YOU from the new YOU. It's like saying that if I take a step, the ME at the new position is not the original ME. (bad example, but nevertheless...)
There may be nothing at all to distinguish between the two, except for differential experience. At the point any experience differs between the two, the distinguishment is made. But here's the catch: since your personal record of a continual and dynamic existence would be faced with cessation, how on earth can you say that you would 'transport' anywhere?
I've noticed that those who propose what you are claiming above often have to resort to scenarios where the difference is deliberately disguised; where the original has to be killed before realizing that a difference exists, or where conditions have to be so nearly identical as to not create a sense of difference. Why? Because any signifigant difference would illustrate that the original consciousness remains trapped within its own body, unable to transport ANYWHERE, and suffers a fatal fate - no getting around that one, I'm afraid. UNLESS folks like DD above are proposing that identical twins share a consciousness, or that you can have a continuous and dynamic record of existence shared between two physically separated but otherwise identical beings... and of course, if that's not being proposed, we see clearly that duplication does NOT equal transportation of conscious awareness.
Another argument, that so far I have not offered because I have certain problems with it, is that we're never the same person, from moment to moment - due to cellular replacement, for example; yet the neurons of the brain remain largely the same throughout human life, and since there's no reason to think that consciousness ISN'T tied to the brain, there is therefore reason to think that a particular consciousness may very well be tied to a particular collection of neurons.. and that duplicating that set of neurons would only create a second, identical consciousness - not the SAME consciousness.
I look at it this way: if I have a drawing of a cat, and I take that drawing and create two copies in the copy machine, is each copy the other copy? Is copy A identical to copy B? Of course. But is copy A copy B? Of course not. If I burn copy B, does anything happen to A? Not necessarily.
Now suppose that copy A was actually a copy of B... now does A burn? Not necessarily.
Now imagine if copy B had self-awareness... what then?
I'm not arguing for an imaginary soul; I'm arguing against a magical transfer of consciousness from one set of atoms to a completely unrelated and disconnected set of atoms. It's obvious that what's being proposed is a magical transfer; or, more appropriately, that no transfer at all is actually occuring, and that DD and others seem to prefer the idea of somebody carrying on as them, rather than continuing themselves. Why? Beats the hell out of me.
DD - If the duplicate is made, and the original is NOT killed - which one is you? Yes, I know that you're both identical in most respects - but which one has been you and will continue to be you? Will you suddenly have awareness of being on Mars, or will you merely be aware that a duplicate of you is on Mars? Answer very carefully, because within that answer lies my whole problem with this nonsense.
