I am guessing at nothing, and you are ignoring some of the actual numbers - willfully or not.
You keep refering only to income taxes, federal, state, and local. So far, everything you have posted ignores sales and use taxes. A family of four subsisting on 35K a year and driving to work will be taxed on all 35K - 6.2% for Social Security, 5-7% in sales tax on food and clothes, and $.35 a gallon on gas. The poor spend their entire income on taxable, non-discretionary items. The wealthy do not.
We have a regressive Social Security tax, we have a regressive sales tax system, and we have a flat capital gains tax structure - also regressive in that only the relatively well off can take advantage of it. Add to that our relatively low income tax rates, and the wealthy (especially those making most of their money from investments) are getting a very good deal indeed.
Add a bracket to the income tax structure, taxing the very wealthy at a more normal 40-45%, eliminate the ceiling on income subject to social security taxes, raise the rate on capital gains (pegged to total income), and install a progressive sales and use tax structure. Then the wealthy will be paying their "fair share".