Hugh,
- Superficially, at least, slowvehicle's quote does seem to show that tortured blood would show an abundance of potassium rather than a lack of potassium -- but also, a 100% decrease in bilirubin. I thought that the opposite was accepted scientific fact about bilirubin.
- I'm trying to educate myself in regard to this biology, but it's slow going. Was Adler wrong? Is there anything about the Croation study that makes it not apply to the stains on the shroud? Should the alleged torture of Jesus produce the same results as in vitro hemolysis?
That's well spotted, Jabba, and sent me back for a closer reading of Koseoglu's paper, 'Effects of Hemolysis Interference on Routine Biochemistry Parameters.' There are several differences in intent, in preparation and in procedure between his and Adler's 'Origin and Nature of Blood on the Turin Shroud' which can account for the differences between the two observations without either being dismissed as altogether wrong.
For a start, it is not clear to me that Adler actually experimented with haemolysed blood. He describes that blood of a severely traumatised person "would produce a tremendous hemolysis" and goes on from there. Koseoglu used real blood.
However, in contrast, Koseoglu's experiments were carried out entirely in vitro, with no external agency to modify the blood at all, while Adler described the in vivo processes, in which, as I understand it, the liver and clotting play an important part. First the liver builds up "a very high bilirubin content." Then, either post-mortem or at wound sites, "that blood then clots, the exudate forms, and all the intact cells with hemoglobin stay behind, only the hemolyzed hemoglobin goes out along with the serum albumin which binds the bilirubin. So what one ends up with on the cloth is an exudate which has an enhanced bilirubin index with respect to the hemolyzed hemoglobin." None of this clotting and exuding is germane to Koseoglu.
Then, we must remember that the principal purpose of Koseoglu's work was to find out whether haemolysis affected the measurement of various quantities in the blood, not whether it affects the actual quantities. In his discussion of bilirubin, he says "Free hemoglobin with its pseudo-peroxidase activity interferes in the bilirubin procedure by inhibiting the diazonium color formation." I take this to mean that the actual amount of bilirubin cannot be accurately assessed in the presence of free haemoglobin, not that it is necessarily reduced. Koseoglu gives a reference: 'Haemolysis as an Interference Factor in Clinical Chemistry' by O. Sonntag, who explains that "in the presence of haemoglobin, erroneously high values were found for [various things including potassium and] erroneously low values were found for bilirubin [and various other things]." Erroneously, notice.
However (again) I have to say that I do think Adler was guilty of a certain amount of imprecise reporting. This sentence: "You now mix bilirubin which is yellow-orange with methemoglobin in its para-hemic form which is an orangey brown and you get blood which has a red color" makes no sense to me, and this: "In fact, we have been able to simulate this spectrum in the laboratory by the process described above" is inadequately explained. The relevant spectra are not shown, which they should be, for a start. Nor am I convinced by his idea that the potassium would somehow be held back in the cell membranes of the haemolysed cells, while the rest of the contents spilled into the plasma.
Conclusion: I think that Adler was grasping at straws in accounting for the lack of potassium, but was probably correct in supposing that the blood of a tortured man could contain high levels of bilirubin. Koseoglu is correct that whatever the actual levels of potassium and bilirubin, the presence of free haemoglobin produces exaggerated measurements of the first and diminished measurements of the second.