Why is this a case of laws being applied "equally across all races"?
Because I assume the law makes it illegal to threaten a white man with a lynching too. I might be wrong. Feel free to show me otherwise.
This is the the criminalisation of a piece of rope.
No, it is the criminalization of an act that threatens a lynching by using a rope. Nooses themselves are still legal for non-violent purposes.
How is intent determined?
By looking at the totality of the evidence. Courts do this all the time and differentiate between self-defense, manslaughter, 2nd degree murder, 1st degree murder etc.
Look at
mens rea.
If a guy hangs a deer and to clean and takes it down and leaves the noose up and his neighbor is black is that a threat just because the neighbor "feels" threatened?
This is up to the jury but I say no. Threats must be intentional.
Consider the case:
0) People elect the state legislature.
1) Legislature passes law defining what a "threat" is.
2) Neighbor (black OR white) calls the cops because he feels the nooseman is threatening to kill him.
3) Cops arrive on the scene and feel it is a threat. They arrest nooseman.
4) The judge may choose to dismiss the case because of lack of evidence or because the noosemans actions were not punishable by law.
5) Jury considers the evidence and whether or not his act was intentional. The alleged victim has the burden of proof.
If any one of the steps above go in the favor of nooseman, he does not go to jail. If the neighbor called the cops without good cause, he might even be able to sue him for
abuse of process.
Was the effigy of Palin with a noose around her neck a criminal act or the countless effigies of Bush with his head in a noose?
That's an excellent question. It depends on the wording of federal statutes, and the circumstances (proximity to the target, the intent of the burners, whether or not the target knows of the effigy, etc. etc.).