Sam Harris: Science can answer moral questions

Why should a doctor save the life of a patient?
This is the right question to ask, but realize ahead of time that the answer will have to be a reason, it cannot be that there is no reason. We perceive directly that doctors should save the lives of patients. It is a good question to ask why this is so, but it is clearly so. It's like asking "why does the sky look blue?" Whatever the answer is, it will be the reason it is so, not something like "the sky actually doesn't look blue".

My understanding is that it only makes sense if we value staying alive over being dead.
Correct. So that's the question -- why do we value staying alive over being dead? We do in fact do this, that's undeniable. The question is why. If someone said they didn't, we'd respond that they are either lying or broken, just as we would if someone swore the sky didn't look blue to them (under conditions were it looks blue to everyone else).

The philosophical objection seems the same to me.
What's the objection exactly? It is a fact that we value life over death, just as it's a fact that the sky looks blue. You can ask why this is so, but it *is* so. Anyone who says it is not so for them is either lying or somehow broken, like a person who is colorblind is, in a sense, broken.
 
Right. When it's medicine, it's "tacit assumptions". When it's morals, it's "axioms". :)

Linda

Yes, that's the basic point of why they aren't different to each other despite your assertion to the contrary.
 
Yes, that's the basic point of why they aren't different to each other despite your assertion to the contrary.

:)

This is what I mean. I make the characterization "same philosophical objections", and in the space of two posts you have changed what I said to an "assertion to the contrary".

Linda
 
:)

This is what I mean. I make the characterization "same philosophical objections", and in the space of two posts you have changed what I said to an "assertion to the contrary".

Linda

This is correct. I believe your use of emoticons is throwing me off - seriously they are confusing as I don't understand what you are smiling about and am hence inserting negations inappropriately. I am not at my optimal perceptual best due to a right side midline brain lesion.

It appears you agree with me on everything. Therefore I don't understand your objections. This only leaves me more confused.
 
Not always - sometimes we very much value death over life.

War.
Execution.
Slaughter.
Abortion.
Euthanisation.

I'm sure you can think of others.
That's absolutely correct. Moral judgment, like color vision, is not a simple measurement that's easily summed up. The sky is blue, except when it's filled with clouds or near sunset. Grass is green, except when it's dark or the grass is wilted, and so on.

It is what it is, and there is as yet no simple substitute for it. We understand some of how it behaves.

Our attempts to describe it as "pleasure over pain" or "thriving over failing" or the like are all approximate. It's like making a catalog of what colors people say things are and saying that this is color vision. People say grass is green, so a machine that says "green" when you put grass in it has color vision. Obviously, that's wrong.
 
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This is correct. I believe your use of emoticons is throwing me off - seriously they are confusing as I don't understand what you are smiling about and am hence inserting negations inappropriately. I am not at my optimal perceptual best due to a right side midline brain lesion.

It appears you agree with me on everything. Therefore I don't understand your objections. This only leaves me more confused.

I'm sorry to hear that.

Linda
 
I'm sorry to hear that.

Linda


Thanks but don't be sorry - just remove my confusion. I wish I could have seen Sam Harris in person (since he was talking locally about this subject) - it would have been informative I'm sure.
 
That's what I mean. If the thousands of words I've written which very directly and explicitly answers those questions are insufficient, what is offering more of the same expected to accomplish?

Linda

I guess it's only expected to continue this thread; as are my posts. Certainly doesn't seem to be expected to win any rational people over to your/Harris' claims.

That is: obviously I don't find your "direct and explicit" answers in past posts to have much persuading power (and/or direct and explicit challenges to these answers have been insufficent). And you seem to believe they certainly do, and should be agreed on by all of us or humanity or rationalists or something (for some reason).

So yeah, round and around we go. Not much different than any other random aggressive philosophical claims in history. As in...not at all uniquely persuasive. I'll stop criticizing your posts--I do agree this is all done to death, and neither of us appears to be able to sway the other. I appreciate your endurance and apparent strong belief in Harris' propositions. I just find them laughable.
 
What's the objection exactly? It is a fact that we value life over death, just as it's a fact that the sky looks blue. You can ask why this is so, but it *is* so. Anyone who says it is not so for them is either lying or somehow broken, like a person who is colorblind is, in a sense, broken.

So all suicidees are "broken". Not just morally, but apparently scientifically. This is your claim?

Also: Your claim then is that someone being tortured/raped for decades who happens to find a vial of cyanide and uses it commit suicide thus escape pain is "broken"?

Just how factual is this "fact"? How many exceptions does it have?



Finally, is committing suicide after 25 years of being tortured and raped, with full expectations that this will continue until a natural death, a rational decision?

1. The greatest moral (eta: sorry, scientific) value is continuation of life (?)
 
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So all suicidees are "broken". Not just morally, but apparently scientifically. This is your claim?

Also: Your claim then is that someone being tortured/raped for decades who happens to find a vial of cyanide and uses it commit suicide thus escape pain is "broken"?

Just how factual is this "fact"? How many exceptions does it have?



Finally, is committing suicide after 25 years of being tortured and raped, with full expectations that this will continue until a natural death, a rational decision?

1. The greatest moral (eta: sorry, scientific) value is continuation of life (?)


I can't speak for Joel Katz but it seems to me you're treating the issue too superficially. Of course people in certain situations would be better off dead than alive. I don't think anyone else than some hardcore believers would argue against this - for some people suicide is a sin no matter what.

The next question to ask in this case is:

Would they want to live if they had the chance for a better life? Would a deeply depressed person want a better life if they had the chance? Would a tortured person want a better life if they had the chance? My guess is that they would. Any ideas or data that points to the contrary?

In addition, if you have a person who only wants to die (ie. end his or her consciousness) from the very moment he or she was born, I'm pretty sure that this person would have nothing useful or meaningful to say about morals. After all, morals seem to be solely in the domain of conscious beings.
 
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What's the objection exactly?


In this thread it seems to me that in science we can value good evidence all we want and no-one objects the arbitraryness of it all, but, when it comes to moral questions we suddenly have to deal with the "is-ought" problem, which to my mind is not relevant at all, since afaik, no-one has access to any kind of ultimate truth in these questions. See this post of mine:

http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=6446029&postcount=424

+

http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=6544698&postcount=1030
 
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In this thread it seems to me that in science we can value good evidence all we want and no-one objects the arbitraryness of it all, but, when it comes to moral questions we suddenly have to deal with the "is-ought" problem, which to my mind is not relevant at all, since afaik, no-one has access to any kind of ultimate truth in these questions.

I don't think that really answers the question.

The name of the topic is "science can answer moral questions," not, "science can inform moral decisions," these aren't the same claims.

For example you said:

Going purely by "IS" (the way things are), there is no right or wrong, or better or worse, answer to the question: Should I choose math and physics over random guessing?

That is not a valid dichotomy - no one is proposing that random coin flips are the way to make decisions. The point is that you can't use science to answer questions with arbitrary answers.

I could choose to kill you or not - ultimately there's no scientific way of deciding whether or not you should be alive or dead so there's no scientific way of me making the decision. I don't think it gets any more complex than that.

Yes, sure there's plenty to be said as to why I should make the decision one way or another and plenty of science could be to inform that decision but ultimately your existence is not a direct scientific concern.
 
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I guess it's only expected to continue this thread; as are my posts. Certainly doesn't seem to be expected to win any rational people over to your/Harris' claims.

That is: obviously I don't find your "direct and explicit" answers in past posts to have much persuading power (and/or direct and explicit challenges to these answers have been insufficent).

You shouldn't expect them to. I haven't tried to persuade anyone, least of all you, to Harris' or my claims. I have tried to understand your objections, and I have attempted to persuade people to drop the straw man they are discussing instead of Harris' ideas. I wouldn't mind discussing Harris' claims, but I don't really see that happening.

And you seem to believe they certainly do, and should be agreed on by all of us or humanity or rationalists or something (for some reason).

So yeah, round and around we go. Not much different than any other random aggressive philosophical claims in history. As in...not at all uniquely persuasive. I'll stop criticizing your posts--I do agree this is all done to death, and neither of us appears to be able to sway the other. I appreciate your endurance and apparent strong belief in Harris' propositions. I just find them laughable.

Yeah, it's hard to forego the opportunity to enjoy finding someone laughable. It shouldn't be a surprise that it may be difficult to interfere with that (and I'm disinclined to, anyway).

Linda
 
You shouldn't expect them to. I haven't tried to persuade anyone, least of all you, to Harris' or my claims. I have tried to understand your objections, and I have attempted to persuade people to drop the straw man they are discussing instead of Harris' ideas. I wouldn't mind discussing Harris' claims, but I don't really see that happening.

<snip>

What are his claims? What are your claims? That there is no ought but only what is? That all humans share a substantial sub-set of values and the only reason they don't agree on what is right and what is wrong is because some people are more informed than others?

If two people have different values and experiences then there's a very high probability (in the real world rather than canned experimental scenarios) they'll disagree on the details about what the right thing to do is.

As we see time and again in threads on the access to healthcare in the US, some people are willing to cut off their nose to spite their face because of the values they hold, their prior experiences and current life circumstances.

Humans have irrationality hard-wired in their brain.
 
I can't speak for Joel Katz but it seems to me you're treating the issue too superficially. Of course people in certain situations would be better off dead than alive. I don't think anyone else than some hardcore believers would argue against this - for some people suicide is a sin no matter what.

Yes, of course they do. But Joel's statement didn't allow for that, his statement is absolute:

"It is a fact that we value life over death, just as it's a fact that the sky looks blue."

My objection here may be trivial or semantic; but for a moral system claiming to be revolutionary and/or uniquely scientifically correct, the proposers of it really need to dot all their "i"s. They can't leave the slightest vagueness.

It is NOT a fact that "we" value life over death. It's also NOT a fact that "we" perceive the sky as blue. The only facts seem to be: The difference between physical life and death; and the wavelengths the sky sends to a ground-based eye. Perceptions/beliefs/individual brain interpretation of these don't seem to be "facts" in this simple sense.

At least, if the intended fact is only one perception/interpretation that is True. But the sky does NOT look blue to everyone, and science needs to explain who/how those who perceive it as orange are scientifically wrong, as much as it needs to explain who those who believe death is more value than life are scientifically wrong.

It's a fact that humans percieve the sky mostly as "blue", but some don't. It's a fact that some percieve death as bad, but some don't.

The next question to ask in this case is:

Would they want to live if they had the chance for a better life? Would a deeply depressed person want a better life if they had the chance? Would a tortured person want a better life if they had the chance? My guess is that they would. Any ideas or data that points to the contrary?

I'd submit PTSD folks who are well past their torture or other pathos but yet kill themselves 20 years later, from the memories inescapability. And prisoners who are so used to being imprisoned that they commit crimes after being released in order to get back; even though they wouldn't have prior to incarceration. Also, folks who self-sabotage, because they no longer believe a real effort for success is possible, and if it becomes close they upend it in order to return to their more comfortabe and stable misery and self-pity.

In addition, if you have a person who only wants to die (ie. end his or her consciousness) from the very moment he or she was born, I'm pretty sure that this person would have nothing useful or meaningful to say about morals. After all, morals seem to be solely in the domain of conscious beings.

Don't quite understand this. This person seems conscious until he dies, his consciousness simply wants to eliminate itself. After he offs himself sure, he has nothing to say on morals. But prior to that?

I can vaguely recall some murders of younguns by their parents because the parents didn't want to bring the child into or raise them in this "cruel" world. Some people don't believe living life is the highest moral imperative.

Some think avoiding suffering is; and if that means killing themselves or others, that's the consequence of their morality (if it can be said this is a morality, and imo it should).

Linda: I'm not being flippant or dismissive or a jerk. At least these aren't my intentions. I sincerely apologize if I've come across like that (or really been that). I greatly respect you and your incisive thoughts in this forum.
 
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I'd submit PTSD folks who are well past their torture or other pathos but yet kill themselves 20 years later, from the memories inescapability. And prisoners who are so used to being imprisoned that they commit crimes after being released in order to get back; even though they wouldn't have prior to incarceration. Also, folks who self-sabotage, because they no longer believe a real effort for success is possible, and if it becomes close they upend it in order to return to their more comfortabe and stable misery and self-pity.


Am I missing something important or are you saying the same things again, but with different examples? It seems clear to me that in some cases people are better off dead than alive. I'm not disputing that. What I'm arguing is that these people would rather have a better life, than kill themselves, if they somehow magically had the chance. Are you arguing that people who are miserable to the point of suicide would not want a better life instead if it were somehow magically possible to them? Or maybe we're just talking past each other, I can't tell.


Don't quite understand this. This person seems conscious until he dies, his consciousness simply wants to eliminate itself. After he offs himself sure, he has nothing to say on morals. But prior to that?


I meant prior to death as well. What could a person like this bring to the table without arguing against his own values?

We value "the good life" over "the bad life", right?

If a person wants to be dead over anything else, we can be quite confident that this is not the best way (or even a good way) to achieve "the good life", or at least we have no convincing reasons to believe so.

What we could say is that being dead is very probably the easiest way to avoid suffering, and this is the best we can expect a dead person to achieve for himself.

At this point I ask, do we value "the avoidance of suffering" over "the good life". I don't think so, but I would like to hear reasons or potential suggestions for doing so.

Are there any better reasons than "the avoidance of suffering" for valuing being dead over being alive?
 
Am I missing something important or are you saying the same things again, but with different examples? It seems clear to me that in some cases people are better off dead than alive. I'm not disputing that. What I'm arguing is that these people would rather have a better life, than kill themselves, if they somehow magically had the chance. Are you arguing that people who are miserable to the point of suicide would not want a better life instead if it were somehow magically possible to them? Or maybe we're just talking past each other, I can't tell.

Oh. I guess I'm arguing that it's an odd claim re: this topic of suicidal people wishing a better life. What does this have to do with science or anything? Why is this important to Harris' contentions?

The realistic "better life" for suicidal people is the end of life.

I meant prior to death as well. What could a person like this bring to the table without arguing against his own values?

We value "the good life" over "the bad life", right?

Uh, no. What do you mean by "we"? "We except for those of us who disagree with my values, who are not-we"?

If a person wants to be dead over anything else, we can be quite confident that this is not the best way (or even a good way) to achieve "the good life", or at least we have no convincing reasons to believe so.

Convincing reason to believe the best way to achieve the "good life", from someone who isn't suicidal: "The good life is continuing to live!"

Convincing reason to believe the best way to achieve the "good life", from someone who is suicidal: "The good life is stop living!"

Just why do you think the former has any more objective weight than the latter?

What we could say is that being dead is very probably the easiest way to avoid suffering, and this is the best we can expect a dead person to achieve for himself.

At this point I ask, do we value "the avoidance of suffering" over "the good life". I don't think so, but I would like to hear reasons or potential suggestions for doing so.

Are there any better reasons than "the avoidance of suffering" for valuing being dead over being alive?

Honestly, this discussion is getting dangerously close to actual philosophy and real-world human examples and experiences/conditions. Sam Harris shuns philosophy and insists science can answer moral questions. And that claim is why this thread exists. And entering into a philosophical debate seems anathema to his claims, as philosophy sucks and explains nothing. So perhaps you (if you are supporting Harris) should simply give the inviolable scientific answers to your own questions. [sorry if this is a massive strawman]

Do we value x over y? I think this is a sociological/psychological/philosophical/individual upbringing question. You or Harris seem to believe this is a simple science question. So, since you or Harris don't want to engage or pay any respect to my types of questions as a finder of either truth or tendency or best-explanation, you should certainly tout your scientific question/answer and this will quickly end the argument (since I'm completely willing to believe an actual well-formed scientific or logical proof is correct. All Harris needs to do is present this).
 
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I've heard/seen various things Sam Harris has done on this and I now think that the economics analogy is particularly apt - when you set up a system with rules and actors consequences are gong to unfold. Moral systems, like economic ones, can have a lot of different characteristics and rules. For any particular goal and system you can say - either by direct appeal to scientific evidence ("it happened like this before") or by analytical argument ("this is the model of how the system works") that in order to achieve a particular goal then you need to do particular things. That is the objective part of the system.

But, like economics, that still leaves us with the subjective part which is - "well, what is it we actually want to achieve with this system?"

I don't see how that's likely to go away as long as people are allowed to form their own opinions as to what's important.
 

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