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Continuation - Discussion of the Amanda Knox case

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Hi Trigood,
The plus or minus hours comes more into focus when there are witnesses that saw Meredith alive for most of the hours of the TOD. That only leaves the 30 minutes or so at the end of the curve for her to have been murdered.
El Buscador,

Hello!

I have yet to see one pathologist quoted as saying that he/she can determine TOD to within hours, much less a half-hour, based on these criteria.

In fact, in the book Time of Death, Jessica Snyder Sachs (2002) says the following (p 7):

"Twentieth-century pathologists added stomach contents to the factors that might suggest time of death. Unlike the three clocks set in motion at death, digestion slams to a halt. In theory at least, a medical examiner who knows the approximate time and quantity of the victim's last meal should be able to extrapolate time of death based on the rate that food might be expected to pass out of the stomach and into the intestines. In reality, the vagaries of stomach emptying in the soon-to-be-dead have proven even more problematic than the postmortem markers of rigor, livor, and algor." [emphasis added]

From p 45 of the same book, regarding the Nicole Brown Simpson murder:

"Did their [Nicole's stomach contents'] state of digestion indicate that the victim had been killed within two hours of her finishing dinner, as the L.A. medical examiner suggested? or more than four hours after, as countered by Simpson's 'Dream Team' expert, former New York City medical examiner Michael Baden. When challenged, both experts [for defense and prosecution] had to admit that the quantity and quality of stomach contents had long ago been dismissed as the most unreliable of all postmortem time scales." [emphasis added]

In addition, in this particular case, we are hindered by the fact that we don't know exactly when Meredith ate her pizza (5:30-6:30, possibly later? at pizza parties, people sometimes don't eat all at once, do they?), nor her dessert, nor exactly how large a meal she ate, which can greatly affect digestion. Nor do we know her specific pathology with regard to digestion, nor a dozen other factors that might have affected her digestion. Which is just to repeat the above, in my own words.

Thanks.

T.
 
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AK's and RS's alibi
Certain facts like the phone calls from the parents
The prosecutor's theory
Disputed fact like the ToD of MK

The murder by AK and RS
Certain facts like MK is dead & AK was her roomate
The prosecutor's theory
Disputed facts like the double DNA knife

The murder by Guede
Certain facts like his DNA and fingerprints everywhere
The prosecutor's theory
Disputed fact

No wonder why there is so much debate. However, undisputed facts that would lead to the conviction of AK and RS are rare if non-existant. That is why I wonder why they are still in jail.

Can anyone help me fill in the above list?
 
Fortunately I don't have to recall as I have the Motivation at hand right now :), Massei quotes Ronchi:
He specified that three or four hours after consuming a meal, "there should already be some material in the duodenum ... and that it still should not have passed down"



So you don't agree with the experts that estimate the ToD as 2-4 hours after the meal?

Didn't Ronchi also mention something about slippage and ligatures with the stomach? He was probably the most vague as to TOD of all the forensic analysts. He had quite a range as to TOD.

For Trigood:

According to the motivations there was recognizable apple in the stomach.

Page 148:

This gastric content was essentially made up of digested matter and not distinguishable as much as concerns a part which Dr. Lalli had recognised as shortcrust pastry and as mozzarella [cheese]; a part was however more clearly distinguishable and recognisable as slices of apple.
 
There were 5 photos taken of paper-like material with shoeprint images from Meredith's room. I do not know where these papers were located, however, I assume on the floor (due to images of shoeprints on them). I don't know where these papers originated from, what they are, and how they got to the floor.

Massei also mentions these papers, along with one (may be more) from Filomena's room in the motivations.

Page 336-337:

• Exhibit Q (Romanelli’s room): two prints left by the superimposition of dust on a postcard were found. Print number 1, left by a right shoe and the sole useful for negative comparisons, was not produced by any of the shoes tested

• photo 17/21 (Meredith Kercher’s room) prints on paper-like material: these were not produced by the shoes tested.

I wanted to add, because I forgot, Rinaldi has photos of these papers in his shoeprint presentation.

The papers for Exhibit Q were on a pliable mat. If they were stepped on where they were found, they would show creases in the paper. If they were moved since being stepped on there is no way to date when the prints were made.

I've seen no "paper-like" substance on the floor in Meredith's room. Did this somehow appear after the room was photographed?
 
Originally Posted by Trigood
"I don't agree with your characterization of the "consensus of various experts," at least as indicating the time by which there is food found irretrievably in the duodenum. Dr. Ronchi said 5, 6 hours, sometimes longer, as you may recall."

Fortunately I don't have to recall as I have the Motivation at hand right now :), Massei quotes Ronchi:
He specified that three or four hours after consuming a meal, "there should already be some material in the duodenum ... and that it still should not have passed down"

I don't know where that quote is from, because you didn't give a page number. However, in another spot in Massei, Ronchi specifies:

"Professor Umani Ronchi testified that digestion is determined by a whole series of absolutely individual conditions and that these are not constant even for the same person. Moreover, he added that the stomach may need three, four, five, or even more, hours to empty itself (hearing on September 19, 2009). Even under standard conditions he indicated that a considerable and variable period of time was necessary." (p 178 Massei)

Originally Posted by Trigood
"What I meant is that the TOD can only be determined plus/minus several hours based on stomach/intestinal contents, not plus/minus a half-hour, as some here are trying to assert."

So you don't agree with the experts that estimate the ToD as 2-4 hours after the meal?
I don't agree with your premise that the experts stated that, as an absolute. Where are you getting that from, may I ask? Also, do you mean measuring from the beginning or the end of the meal? Please provide citations. Thanks!

I certainly don't agree that you can state anything about Meredith's TOD from her stomach contents, as I have stated over and over. Except perhaps that she died within 6 or so hours (or "even more," as Ronchi says) after consuming her meal.
 
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DNA cannot be dated, as Stefanoni readily admitted. However, the presence of AK's DNA on the knife handle with the victim's DNA on the same knife's blade, and the knife being found in AK's alibi's home, strongly indicates it was used in the murder.
Well, not at all. However it strongly indicates that Amanda or someone in contact with her touched that knife at some time.


Also, the presence of AK's DNA in the nub under the handle where it attaches to the blade indicates more a stabbing than a cutting motion with the knife, resulting in DNA deeply embedded in the plastic there, which was unable to be removed after much energetic washing, further indicating tight gripping at that point while making a stabbing motion.
This is again very far fetched and very speculative. I also highlighted an error of logical nature: even if we postulate an "energetic washing" nothing indicates that the trace was deposited before that "washing" and not after.
 
Hi, Trigood. Looks like you're already flooded with questions about DNA and ToD, as you seem to be knowledgeable in this area. So let me for now address just the misunderstanding we got into:

Originally Posted by Trigood
"You're twisting my words. You asked me under what conditions I would say that DNA was sufficient. Then I stated them, and added all the other evidence that proves them guilty."

When I assumed the crime-staging is not a precondition for the DNA to be a sufficient proof you said I'm neglecting it. It's a bit confusing because it doesn't look like DNA validity would depend on it in any way.
Now it's clearer to me, that you mean neglect in general. I'm not going to neglect it, just the questions of DNA deposition are much more interesting and also more important, as you wrote yourself:

Originally Posted by Trigood
"However, if you had asked, do I think the DNA evidence is enough to be certain about their guilt, without any absolute contradictions in terms of incontrovertible alibis? Then the answer is "yes.""

I'd like to understand the reasoning behind that strong conclusion before delving into further matters :)

This is why I didn't like the wording of your original question.

You were asking a hypothetical, which I admit I didn't fully recognize at the time. I fell into a rhetorical trap. My bad.

In the hypothetical situation that all we had was the DNA evidence against RS and AK, would I as a juror have voted guilty?

I am not sure. Probably, but I cannot say for sure. For one thing, it is a hypothetical, and I try not to deal in hypotheticals. (That is what I meant by saying, before, that "the evidence is the evidence.")

That is not what I was trying to state, although I fear it looks that way, or has been twisted to do so.

(I think the confusion arose because I stated, rather petulantly and perhaps inadvisedly, in the context of responding to the stomach contents/TOD discussion, that the stomach contents evidence do not hold a candle to the DNA evidence, in terms of scientific validity in this case.)

I was trying to state that, in the context of all the other evidence, the DNA adds an extremely strong element to proof of guilt, for both AK and RS.

Is that clear, or should I restate it more clearly?

And now I really must eat my dinner, so that I can digest it before retiring for the evening. :)

I know I owe posts to certain others (such as Kevin_Lowe), and I will respond, eventually. I kind of feel like the proverbial defendant in a room with 6 inquisitors all at once. :)
 
...It's absolutely not necessary for me to be a gastroenterology consultant or a research scientist in the relevant field in order to know this, and I am neither. However, I have a close knowledge of the workings of the digestive system, and have regular contact with two consultant surgeons (one gastro and one colorectal), a professor physician of gastroenterology, and a research fellow working for the Wellcome Foundation. I know a lot about the workings of the whole gastro-intestinal system, and I am very certain of my ground in the area of stomach emptying dynamics...

that IS a bit of a puzzle...

why so coy?

it's not like gastroenterology is a popular 'hobby'!

BTW do you know where I can find the specific studies people are referring to here?
 
One more, for the road:

Didn't Ronchi also mention something about slippage and ligatures with the stomach? He was probably the most vague as to TOD of all the forensic analysts. He had quite a range as to TOD.

Yes, he did, according to Massei. Now, some here contest that he was misquoted by Massei, as apparently RS's appeal contests.

Here's what Massei (p 148) says:

"He [Dr. Ronchi] noted that from the witness depositions it had emerged that the victim had consumed various foods (pizza with mozzarella cheese, ice cream and apple cake) and had consumed various drinks, but not alcoholic drinks. He specified that gastric digestion is very much debatable insofar as time is concerned. The presence of 500 cubic centimetres of material in the stomach meant that a large part of the stomach had not emptied. He could not, however, say whether it had partially emptied. On this particular point he specified as follows: ‚It is true that the duodenum was empty; however, it is also true that there was some alimentary content before the ileoececal valve, alimentary content which is defined as digested ... that of the stomach was also digested for the most part and since the examination performed by the person who carried out the autopsy does not appear to have been conducted according to the prescribed techniques of forensic pathology, i.e., the ligature of the various segments etc. ... usually ligatures are done to see how far food has reached to prevent the passage ... of any ingested food into lower zones during the lifting up and turning over of the intestinal ansae loops‛ (page 21 of the transcripts)." [emphasis added]

For Trigood:

According to the motivations there was recognizable apple in the stomach.

Quote:
Page 148:

"This gastric content was essentially made up of digested matter and not distinguishable as much as concerns a part which Dr. Lalli had recognised as shortcrust pastry and as mozzarella [cheese]; a part was however more clearly distinguishable and recognisable as slices of apple."

Yes, thanks for that quote, Christianahannah. I knew I'd seen that somewhere, about the apple.
 
I don't know where that quote is from, because you didn't give a page number. However, in another spot in Massei, Ronchi contradicts that:
It's not far from that spot :)


"Professor Umani Ronchi testified that digestion is determined by a whole series of absolutely individual conditions and that these are not constant even for the same person. Moreover, he added that the stomach may need three, four, five, or even more, hours to empty itself (hearing on September 19, 2009). Even under standard conditions he indicated that a considerable and variable period of time was necessary." (p 178 Massei)
You're wrong about the contradiction. There is no contradiction. In your quote he talks about total stomach emptying time which is not relevant, in the part I quoted he talks about the lag phase which is very relevant.


I don't agree with your premise that the experts stated that, as an absolute. Also, do you mean measuring from the beginning or the end of the meal?
You haven't been following this thread too carefully :) that's showing.

Please provide citations.
Sure why not, let's take Dr Lalli's testimony:
Dr. Lalli specified that death was considered as occurring not more than two to three hours after eating (page 47 of the hearing transcript, and the adjustment described in the footnote on February 13, 2008).
Professor Bacci:
Then he explained that the datum relating to the contents of the stomach had also been considered, and in relation to [the fact] that material in advanced digestive status was found in the stomach, he thought the meal had been eaten three or four hours before death.

Professor Introna:
knowing that Meredith's meal started at 18:30 pm, knowing that there were about 500 cc of stomach contents, and knowing from the autopsy that there was no pathology of the stomach...which could slow down digestion, and above all", as reported by Dr. Lalli, knowing that the duodenum was still empty "because the stomach had not even begun to empty itself" (page 19 of the transcripts), the time of death must lie between 21:30 pm (three hours after 18:30) and 22:30 pm (four hours after 18:30)

I don't see a several hours variability there.
 
It's not far from that spot :)



You're wrong about the contradiction. There is no contradiction. In your quote he talks about total stomach emptying time which is not relevant, in the part I quoted he talks about the lag phase which is very relevant.



You haven't been following this thread too carefully :) that's showing.


Sure why not, let's take Dr Lalli's testimony:

Professor Bacci:


Professor Introna: [21:30-22:30 TOD asserted]


I don't see a several hours variability there.

Katody,

I don't have time for this right now, but if I did, I would say that you are being somewhat disingenuous in only quoting defense experts' opinions.

(Bacci was for the prosecutor, but he doesn't absolutely state TOD based on stomach contents, certainly not time of death in relation to beginning of the meal. Quote me where Bacci says he's measuring from the beginning of the meal.)

Massei was very meticulous about reciting the testimony given by both defense and prosecution experts.

Then, Massei distilled the various opinions and came up with a TOD that ranged from 20 to 30 hours before 0:30 (or was it 0:50, I can't look it up right now) on Nov 3, 2007.

So no, I don't accept your premise that Massei states that TOD was 2-4 hours after Meredith ate (you still haven't stated, beginning or ending of meal, it makes a big difference, no?), because he didn't.

More game-playing of this sort, and I won't consider this discussion with you of much worth.

Thanks! :)
 
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Katody,

I don't have time for this right now, but if I did, I would say that you are being somewhat disingenuous in only quoting defense experts' opinions.

Hmmm.. I quite sure only one of the three quotes comes from a defense experts. It's also interesting that you consider defense experts opinions inferior per se. Should I similarly dismiss experts I don't like without pointing their errors?

(Bacci was for the prosecutor, but he doesn't absolutely state TOD based on stomach contents, certainly not time of death in relation to beginning of the meal. Quote me where Bacci says he's measuring from the beginning of the meal.)
Quote me where he's measuring from the end. All of them measure from the beginning. It was discussed already in this thread and appropriate literature were referenced.


So no, I don't accept your premise that Massei states that TOD was 2-4 hours after Meredith ate (you still haven't stated, beginning or ending of meal, it makes a big difference, no?), because he didn't.
You misunderstood my posts severely. I don't say Massei states that. He would contradict himself.


More game-playing of this sort, and I won't consider this discussion with you of much worth.

Thanks! :)

Thanks, I don't blame you for trying to personalize the discussion. It is understandable when someone runs out of valid arguments :)

Now off for a nice weekend, good night All :)
 
I don't have a good photo of the lamp but a cord coming from the lamp is clearly plugged into the plug strip under the bed. Charlie, could you put up an enhanced image of Meredith's lamp. The Spheron camera has a good shot but it's in the shadows. I'd also like to see that blood stain on the floor in front of the lamp. This is either where Meredith stumbles out of the bed after the first attack or where Rudy kneels on the floor when searching the purse. The perspective of the video made it look like this was under the head of the bed and therefore quite confusing.

[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/151444caf7db0debdb.jpg[/qimg]Meredith's overhead light was working fine.

The light in Amanda's room was broken.[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/151444caf7e94a0f1a.jpg[/qimg]

Here's a clear view of the lamp:

http://www.friendsofamanda.org/lamp_between_bed_and_nightstand.jpg

I think the bloodstains on the floor next to the bed were made with bloody fabric (towels), but I'm not sure. The small bloodstain above the bed is cast blood, perhaps shaken from the knife before he set it on the bed while he went through her purse. I think these stains were all made after the murder rather than during the struggle.

The reason parts of the room weren't disturbed is that the attack was sudden and the struggle was brief. There are small, round drops of blood under her desk and on the floor in front of her desk and under her window. That is probably from the first knife wound he inflicted - a jab in the right side of her neck, while both were still on their feet. Then she was thown to the floor, so she was on her hands and knees facing her wardrobe. That is when the brutal slashing wound was inflicted. He was on top of her, gripping her face tightly with his left hand. He was holding the knife in his right hand. He reached around, under her neck, and stabbed her, and then pulled the knife from left to right.

He made the finger streaks on the wall next to her wardrobe when he was dragging her body from where she fell to where she was found.

She made the finger streaks on her wardrobe in a last, desperate attempt to rise.

Danceme points out that I am formulating an opinion. This is correct, but it is an opinion based on a detailed examination of crime scene photos and video, augmented by discussing the evidence with experts.

Here's a picture that shows the bloodstains on the floor between the desk and the wardrobe:

http://www.friendsofamanda.org/bloodstains_on_floor.jpg

I want people with a serious interest in this case to have the information they need to analyze what happened. It's a difficult equation to balance.
 
Charlie
The way you describe this brutal murder makes me think this was committed by a trained
killer. Not Rudy.
 
lane99 said:
You indicated it in a reply to a previous question I had asked you. Post 8285, to be exact. Nevertheless, I quite understand if you'd like to retract that postion now

lane99,


#1 I don’t indicate or suggest things. Either I say something or I don’t say something.


#2 I never said what you are attributing to me, and you are lying.
I never stated I would still consider Knox and the boyfriend guilty even if both of them weren't even at the crime scene.

You made this false attribution:


lane99 said:
“ He's suggested he would still consider Knox and the boyfriend guilty even if both of them weren't even at the crime scene while the victim was being attacked".

So I answered, in #9099:

Machiavelli said:
" Where did I say that?
What I said is different: I said would consider them guilty even if it were proved that the attack occurred exactly at 21:10. "

I never stated that I would consider them guilty even if both were not there when Meredith were attacked. On the other hand, bear in mind, I never stated the contrary neither: I never thought, for exampl, that it would be required for them to be both present when Meredith is attacked in order to be guilty. But I did not state that I would consider them guilty even even both were not there when Meredith were attacked.
In that case, I point out this now, they still could be guilty, in principle. I never stated they would be guilty for sure in that case.

What I said is different. I said I would consider them guilty even if it were proved that the attack occurred exactly at 21:10.


So, it appears you are purposely attributing false statements to another poster, misquoting as mean of provocation. You lie more than once: you lie when you affirm that I made a retraction, and also you lie again when you attempt to force my hand by falsely attributing me the following position:

”So, I now take it that you do in fact accept that if both were not there when Miss Kercher was attacked, then both can not be guilty of her murder. And we agree on that point”
.


I think this game by yours is dirty, very telling of one's intellectual honesty, and I think it’s you who should retract your false statement attributing to me things I didn't say.


Let’s check, in fact, what I actually said in the post 8285 you cited:

Note: the thread just before 8285 starts with this comment of yours:

Machiavelli (quoted):
. “ Even if it was proven that Meredith was attacked exactly at 21:10 I would still consider Amanda guilty...

Lane99 (comments):
“The plot thickens.

If that was so proven, would you also still consider the boyfriend (Raf) guilty of murder?”


And this is 8285:

Lane99 (quoted):

“The plot thickens.

If that was so proven, would you also still consider the boyfriend (Raf) guilty of murder?”

Machiavelli (comments):

Yes, both.

The concept of "guilty" has here the meaning of who can be assigned the legal responsability of something. Amanda and Raffaele are both equally reponsible as long as they "cover" each other or the murderer



*

So, the principles, and convincements on the case, I expressed in those posts, contain the acknowledgment that:
1. there is in fact a legal principle by which the covering can be equated to complicity, to be guilty it is indeed not necessary to be there when Meredith is attacked, the alteration of the scene can be sufficient by the law to be guilty of the charge of murder as long as the defendants cover up the murderers actions, or if the defendants covers the murderer. This is true in Italian law as a general principle, but

2. this does not come into play in this particular case, because in this particular case there would be never evidence that both defendants were not present when Meredith was attacked. Even if it was possible (in an absurd, in fact physically impossible deduction) to place the ToD exatly at 21:10, there would be no evidence that both defendants were absent from the house. The absence of only one means nothing as long as they lie protecting each other. And actually, to be precise, there won’t be any evidence that not even any one of the defendants was absent, in fact we won’t know where he/she was let’s say at 21:05, meaning a moment short prior to that in which the murderer was already there.

To say Amanda and Raffaele have an alibi, in this case you need two alibis – not just one - and both should be valid over a whole period of time, you must not have only one alibi which is generic (no match to the person) and valid only on a spot of the timeline.
 
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Just one guy like me on an American jury, and it would hang and hang good.

The double DNA knife would have to:
1) Have been tested in a super clean lab qualified to do LCN testing.
2) The lab technicians would have to be qualified in LCN testing.
3) Electronic results would have to be turned over to other experts for examination.
4) The people that handled the knife would have to be qualified.
5) The knife would have to be proven to be at the scene of the murder.
6) The knife could not have been randomly selected.
7) The knife would have to fit ALL the wounds.
8) The knife would have had to have MK's blood on the blade.
9) The knife would have to match the knife outline left on the sheet.
10) The police and lab technicians would have to certify under penalty of death ;) that nobody was putting pressure on them to produce needed results.

Unless all ten criteria were met, I would hang the jury forever. :mad:
 
Charlie
The way you describe this brutal murder makes me think this was committed by a trained
killer. Not Rudy.

A professional assassin would have used a gun or a ligature. And there is no reason such an individual would target Meredith Kercher.

This murder was the work of someone who was strong and brutal, but not experienced.
 
A professional assassin would have used a gun or a ligature. And there is no reason such an individual would target Meredith Kercher.

This murder was the work of someone who was strong and brutal, but not experienced.

There are 2 alternative theories that have been discussed here over the last 24 hours.
1. Meredith was seen on her cellphone by mafia drug suppliers outside the cottage who thought she was informing on them to the police
2. Antonio Aviello and Florio had mistaken the wrong house from which to steal some paintings.
Meredith was not targeted by an assassin.
She sadly happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.
 
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