Fiona,
In your comment on the DNA on page 6, part 1a, you wrote, that Dr. Stefanoni is an “internationally respected forensic scientist.” Can you support your statement?
http://www.repubblica.it/2008/10/se...-uccisa8/perugia-uccisa8/perugia-uccisa8.html
Stefanoni, 40 years, BA in Biological Sciences and former researcher in genetics from 2000 police-biologist and now technical director of the Section of Forensic Genetics-Scientific Rome
http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/Wo...to_Await_DNA_Evidence_In_Perugia_Murder_Trial
The forensics specialists include chief of the Italian Scientific Police Unit in Rome, Patrizia Stefanoni.
She was part of the Disaster Investigations Team sent to the scene of the 2004 tsunami to identify victims.
It is her experience in this field is particularly important to the issues you are addressing
You wrote “There was not a big enough sample to allow for a re-test. That is certainly a problem, but it is not enough to overturn the finding.” It is important to bear in mind that low copy number (LCN) DNA profiling was the technique used on the knife: “Because LCN analysis by its nature is not reproducible, it cannot be considered as robust as that associated with conventional DNA typing.”
http://www.denverda.org/DNA_Documents/CMJ Budowle.pdf
Even with those far more stringent protocols, LCN profiles are not allowed as evidence by the vast majority of the world's courts. But let's take a look at these proposed procedures that attempt to place LCN testing on a more reproducible, reliable basis. That way, we can illuminate the deficiencies in Stefanoni's science improv technique.
But the problems with LCN and Dr. Stefanoni’s protocols are more serious. The following paragraphs are from
http://www.sciencespheres.com/
Indeed. But your link it to a site which is frankly a disgrace. I will leave that for others to judge as to its worth.
The following quotes are all from the Crown Prosecution Service in the U.K. at:
http://www.cps.gov.uk/publications/prosecution/lcn_testing.html This is from an article that supports the use of LCN.
“The FSS LCN test requires an ultra-clean laboratory and so is more expensive and less widely offered than the standard test.... The site of this bespoke laboratory is remote from other DNA Units, operates stringent entry requirements, is fitted with positive air pressure and specialist lighting and chemical treatments to minimize DNA contamination.”
Stefanoni's procedure, in sharp contrast to these requirements, was performed in an ordinary DNA analysis laboratory with other DNA units present. An ultra-clean laboratory, positive air pressure systems, and photo and chemical DNA sterilization are vital techniques to avoid contamination of samples within the laboratory. None of these facilities and procedures appears to have existed for Stefanoni's test. That makes four more technique deficiencies.
“In LCN testing, each sample is divided into three parts or aliquots, and two of these are tested. The third is retained for further testing in the event of a failure or to confirm the presence of a mixture.... Only those DNA components that are seen twice are included in any calculation, to show that the result is reproducible.”
Stefanoni used 20% of the sample to test for blood, which came out negative. Whatever was on the knife, it wasn't Meredith's blood. Then she tested all of the remaining material at once, so there was no possibility of comparing two results, and nothing left for further testing. By the standards of the Crown Prosecution Services, Stefanoni's results would be thrown out by either of these criteria. And that makes two more deficiencies.
[End of Quote]
Stefanoni was well aware of the problems and limitations of LCN testing. All the proper procedures were followed. You will note that the CPS states that because of the need for great care their own site is remote from other laboratories: it does not say this has to be the case. They are providing a service for the whole country and so have a dedicated facility. It is perfectly true that Stefanoni does not have a dedicated facility but she does know the requirements and has submitted a very long and detailed report about what was done and how it was done. She has also testified for many hours and been cross examined on her findings
Dr Stefanoni reported that the locus ascribable to Meredith and identified on the knife blade shows readings of 41 and 28 RFU. Conventionally, RFU values lower than 50 can be defined as low. But she maintained that the profile matched Meredith’s by explaining that there is no immediate correlation between the height of the peaks obtained by electropherogram and expressed in RFU, and the reliability of the biological investigation.
In fact “even if statistically - in most cases - the RFU data is directly proportional to the possibility of a certain interpretation of the analysis result, on the other side many cases of high peaks of difficult interpretation exist (because of background noises), as well as low peaks that are objectively unquestionable, hence the need to proceed to the examination of data that is apparently scarce, but that mustn’t be considered unreliable per se.”
*The use of multiplex PCR and fluorescent dye technology in the automated detection and analysis of short tandem repeat loci provides not only qualitative information about the profile - i.e. which alleles are present - but can provide also quantitative information on the relative intensities of the bands, and is therefore a measure of the amount of amplified DNA.”
So if on one side Dr Stefanoni admits that the RFU readings are low, on the other her experience suggests that many cases of unquestionable matches exist showing readings lower than 50 RFU, and this appears to be the case with Meredith’s DNA sample on the knife.
The fact remains that the DNA was the victim's DNA. The match was not "noise": it was in fact very good indeed and it was confirmed by 2 independent experts (Biondi and Torrricelli)who had the opportunity to examine the findings. You might prefer that the problems in doing this type of work had rendered it impossible or had given ambiguous results: but they didn't. The rest is just smoke from a rabid site. Once again we have more of the "something could have happened": and so it could. It just so happens that there is not a shred of evidence that it did.
You wrote “One may regret the lack of a retest but it does not seem that the defence are arguing that the dna was not there at all.” I find this statement absolutely bewildering. The point of doing a retest is to see whether the DNA is really there or not.
Nope. A retest is certainly desirable. But one clear and unambiguous result is one clear and unambiguous result. Given Dr Stefanoni's work in identifying disaster victims this gives some insight into the kind of work which is required and which I would contend makes her particularly fitted to deal with the current problem.
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q...aCPLA8&sig=AHIEtbQnS_DkNGSgZnKwM9U6t7B-WsGYiQ
4.1 DNA extraction
Laboratories performing forensic casework will be properly equipped to extract a wide range of samples from minute bloodstains and tissue fragments, to semen stains and saliva swabs. These laboratories will be able to use their own established extraction protocols and there is no need for changing procedures unless the sample number requires a new high throughput method. The situation may be different for clinical or paternity testing laboratories where the extraction methods are not designed for small compromised samples. The extraction step is critical for the human remains and the
personal effects. Both sample types can be limited, compromised and might yield low amounts of DNA. It is critical that the laboratory has experience with compromised samples and that the selected extraction method has been optimized for maximum yield and typing success.
One way to improve the success rate for degraded DNA is to utilize redesigned STR primers that generate shorter amplicons (18-24). Several STR systems with size- reduced fragments were used in collaborative European exercises on artificially degraded DNA and gave complete and correct results (25, 26).
You wrote “She said that there has been no instance of contamination of this sort in her lab in the last 7 years. She pointed to the fact that no DNA from any of her team was found on any of the objects tested:” But Dr. Stefanoni did not perform negative controls, or if she did, she did not report them.
So you have read her detailed report? I have not. Can you link please
You also wrote, “the knife was found and put in a plastic bag, which was then put into a box. There does not seem to be any possibility of contamination at that stage” However, the US department of Justice advises, “Put evidence into new paper bags or envelopes, not into plastic bags.” (
http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles1/nij/bc000614.txt)
Probably good advice. I do not know.
Dr Waterbury summarizes (
http://www.sciencespheres.com/) the problems in the LCN DNA analysis of the knife:
So we see that in roughly nine distinct ways, Stefanoni's improv LCN DNA profiling was even worse than unproven and inadmissible LCN DNA profiling tests.
Do you read what you write? I am having a little trouble reconciling this characterisation with the link you provided to the CPS where it says:
LCN methods have been used as evidence in a number of countries, ie; United States (New York), New Zealand, Holland, Italy, Germany, Croatia, Austria and Switzerland. Other countries including Belgium, Sweden, United States, Australia, Canada, Cayman Islands and Bermuda have requested this type of analysis from the FSS, who provided statements and scientists to attend Court.
Not inadmissible, so far as I can see
And my own link shows that LCN techniques have been shown to be reliable in pratice: so not, I think, unproven.
For the rest: it comes from the same site and I am not prepared to waste my time searching through it. So let me ask you some questions instead
1. The DNA wasn't amplified enough; the very weak fluorescence was simply blown up.
How much was it amplified? How much should it have been amplified? What is the significance of this?
2. The test site was not remote from other DNA tests to avoid contamination.
Where is the evidence of contamination?
3. Specialized LCN-quality entry procedures to avoid contamination were not used.
What is your evidence for this? What is the significance of it?
4. A positive pressure environment was not maintained to exclude contamination.
What is your evidence for this? What is the significance of it?
5. Special LCN sterilization procedures to destroy errant DNA were not used.
What is your evidence for this? What is the significance of it?
6. The entire sample was consumed in a single test; no comparison of tests was possible.
Absolutely correct. What is your point?
7. No sample was retained for future reference. The test can never be reproduced.
Absolutely correct. What is your point?
8. No negative control tests were run to check for contamination.
What is your evidence for this?
9. No control tests to check for field contamination were performed.
[End of Quote]
What is your evidence for this?
Now let us turn to the open letter signed by nine DNA experts and see what they say about the knife. A pdf file can be found here:
http://www.friendsofamanda.org/articles.html
They say that it is unlikely that the knife could be cleaned of all traces of blood yet retain enough DNA to produce a profile of the victim. They discuss that the highest peak in the electropherogram is only about 100 relative fluorescence units with many falling between 20-50. They note the lack of ability to reproduce this result, and they also note that electronic files that would allow independent analysis of the data have not been disclosed. They conclude, “No credible scientific evidence has been presented to associate this kitchen knife with the murder of Meredith Kercher.”
We have been through this. By their own admission they have not seen the evidence. Equally well qualified experts who have seen the evidence do not agree.