Steve, just for the record, if a mutation in Lenski’s E. coli occurred, please tell us what is was and how it occurred. What was the mutation? I cannot seem to find it in any documentation, but as Mr. Maxipad has suggested, I may not have the ability to comprehend it. But, neither did Lenski and friends!
This has been stated in previous replies, and I will say it again. They are currently working on that information. Even though they don't yet have the answer for this particular mutation, papers have been published that explain and give evidence supporting the creation of novel proteins. The paper linked below is a great example of this, and even briefly mentions the nylonase bacteria I previously spoke of.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WG1-4KJV32X-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8cbcef5e1865ac2864bf746e692fc4f7
As to your first point above: “the E-coli bacteria used in the experiment could not metabolize citrate under aerobic conditions at the beginning of the experiment. This point cannot be emphasized enough because that shows that the Cit+ bacteria developed a unique, beneficial mutation. It doesn't matter that other strains of bacteria already had that ability, this particular strain didn't. Using this logic, if a child who has never spoken before speaks, it is no big deal because other children can do it (not the greatest example because it does not involve generations and evolution but I hope you understand my point).” What kind of logic is this? Has it been shown that a normal child has the ability to speak? Yes. Has it been shown that E. coli can metabolise citrate? Yes.
Upon rereading my example, I didn't include a detail that is critical to the example. This is the problem with proofreading your own work. I meant to say, "if a 12 year old child who has never spoken before, finally speaks..." I hope that this clears up the message I was trying to make. In the example of the 12 year old child, people would think it was amazing (religious people would probably consider it a miracle) if the child suddenly began speaking. It would be hard to argue that an occurrence like that is mundane. Even though other children have the ability to speak, this specific child could not speak, and suddenly gained the ability to do so. Even though other bacteria can aerobically metabolize citrate, this bacteria could not, and suddenly gained the ability to do so.
Random mutation and natural selection cannot and never have produced changes in any organism. An organism simply reacts to the environment in which it exists. Mutation is a natural event in biological organisms and have no goal one way or the other. If the environment in which an organism resides is “user friendly” the organism can be “selected” to survive. If the environment is deleterious, the organism can be equally “selected” to perish, ending all possibility of further survival. So much for an accumulation of causal speciation events! (You did not cite what these were)
In response to the first statement, see the study linked to above, the Cit+ bacteria, or the nylonase bacteria. In response to the lack of speciation events, UrS provided a link to several examples of these several posts ago. The middle of that paragraph is a description of the very process that you said could not happen in the opening sentence. Was that juxtaposition meant to be ironic, or was it an accident?
When organisms are given continual un-natural selective opportunities at success within an artificial controlled environment, I would not be too excited about making a claim as to what is actually being witnesssed. “Beneficial changes” are guaranteed within a protected environment but not in the real world.
Both the Cit+ and especially the nylonase bacteria occurred in an environment without unnatural selection. The only thing out of the ordinary in both examples is the environment itself, but that is the point of evolution. Evolution works to change organisms so that they are more suited for life in a given environment.
You state that “I doubt that anyone would claim that arctic wolves or scorpions are poorly adapted to their environments, yet place a scorpion in the arctic and an arctic wolf in the desert and see how well they do.” I guarantee that I could keep an arctic wolf alive in the desert and a scorpion alive in the arctic with air conditioning and heat!
I hope you see why that makes no sense at all. You are using technological advances to give the animals an advantage that they wouldn't normally have. A man can be kept alive even though he is completely brain-dead, but that is hardly natural. The point that I made stands. Any trait that increases an animals fitness in one environment will decrease its fitness in some other environment. Come up with an example that contradicts that statement, and we have something to talk about.