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Merged Arday life and death

Yes and no. Ideally yes, and often yes. But there's a whole lot of history that isn't necessarily fact. History is written by the winners, and what the winners say happened isn't always what actually happened.
This is just hyperbole. Losers also write history. There are plenty of books about the Vietnam War written by American scholars. The Crusades have been written about by European writers. Besides, while popular films and books aimed at a general audience will pander to their expectations, a lot of academic history is not meant to be written as rah-rah jingoism, although failure to do so is what often leads to accusations of historians and academics being commie bastards.
Especially when the thing you're trying to uncover is why it happened. We don't even have to go that far back in history to see this in action... The way Democrats and Republicans describe events happening right now are vastly different interpretations of events. Hell, can you imagine if the only surviving history books end up being Trump's twitter posts? There will be the fact of those posts existing, but it doesn't mean that what Trump says is factual in and of itself.
Of course people have different interpretations. But that doesn’t mean we have to assume there is no truth of the matter. It just means, as I said before, that this truth is hard to get at. It is not a license to just make ◊◊◊◊ up.
The same is true for archeology. Yes, a lot of it is factual. But there's also a whole lot of assumption and interpretation involved. Was that particular weird shaped ceramic bowl actually used for ritual purposes? Or was it just a fashionable art piece that survived and had no real function?
Sure! I said as much. You and I are agreeing. But again, it doesn’t mean there’s no fact of the matter just because we have to be provisional about our conclusions.
A lot of it includes good reasoning for why assumptions make sense based on what little we know, but that doesn't mean it's all factual. And whether you like it or not, current beliefs and feelings absolutely do influence the interpretation of historical events.
I have not said otherwise. But again, you are making a kind of error that postmodernists make. They point to trivially true things like the fact we approach things from a perspective and assume that this makes truth and falsehood relative. What next “lived experience”? “My truth”?
 
Give me a boring stem person who lied and cheated in their academic career, and had plenty of evidence of such lies and got hired into a position they were unqualifed for, then were boosted by the university that hired them and lauded as a great academic mind, who then tried to intimdate and silence people who said "hey, they're a cheat and here's the evidence", and we'll see whether or not I give a ◊◊◊◊ about it.


...Try Cyril Burt. What do you have to say about him? (Well, he did die before being disavowed.)
 
Yes and no. Ideally yes, and often yes. But there's a whole lot of history that isn't necessarily fact. History is written by the winners, and what the winners say happened isn't always what actually happened. Especially when the thing you're trying to uncover is why it happened. We don't even have to go that far back in history to see this in action... The way Democrats and Republicans describe events happening right now are vastly different interpretations of events. Hell, can you imagine if the only surviving history books end up being Trump's twitter posts? There will be the fact of those posts existing, but it doesn't mean that what Trump says is factual in and of itself.

The same is true for archeology. Yes, a lot of it is factual. But there's also a whole lot of assumption and interpretation involved. Was that particular weird shaped ceramic bowl actually used for ritual purposes? Or was it just a fashionable art piece that survived and had no real function?

A lot of it includes good reasoning for why assumptions make sense based on what little we know, but that doesn't mean it's all factual. And whether you like it or not, current beliefs and feelings absolutely do influence the interpretation of historical events.
Archaeology is actually very practical. It's rolling up your sleeves and going on digs. Those bits of ceramic over time and as compared to other excavations eventually lead to the ability to differentiate say, Comb Ware culture from, say, Stone Age. It's not guess work, it's fine cataloguing. It is no more or less scientific than Chemistry.
 
Thanks for the correction.

Personally I do think it was his (claimed) life outside of academia that swung it for him. And I don't think there is anything inherently wrong with that, often you are making marginal decisions when recruiting so you need to look beyond the academic qualifications, you are looking for what someone can bring to the role and given what we know he could spin a good yarn. If he'd only claimed half the things he later claimed during the recruitment process I can see why Cambridge employed him.

The only issue I think that has any legs in this tragic story is whether Cambridge applied an appropriate level of due diligence or not, and what is the appropriate level of due diligence for such a role.
Here's my view of the situation, and why it lands strongly for me. This is my opinion, nobody else is obligated to share it.

It's a perfect ◊◊◊◊ storm. One one hand, you've got a prestigious school which has historically had very rigorous standards for both their students and their professors. That school is experiencing pressure from many different directions who wish the school to diversify its racial composition, on the assumption that a difference in outcomes is evidence of a difference in opportunity. That's one of the fundamental implicit assumptions behind DEI and it's underlying premise of intersectionality - that some people have privileges just for existing that are denied to others, based on an unspoken constellation of presumed oppressions. So Cambridge folds to this pressure, and limits their pool of applicants to non-white applicants... and the more difficult the background of that applicant, the better for Cambridge. While I admit it's faintly possible that the only applicants were racial minorities, I find it implausible. The fact that all three of their finalists were non-white suggests (but does not prove) that Cambridge was placing race at the top of the list of what they were looking for in a professor.

Now - that right there is a problem for me. I don't think that a person's race should be a sought-after characteristic in a professor. I don't think that white professors are innately better at teaching than black professors, and I don't think the opposite is true either. I think that skin color should not be a consideration at all - neither for nor against. For a while, there was an argument to be made that race had been used as a demerit for hiring and promotion, and that there needed to be an effort to overcome that discrimination in order to demonstrate that skin color was irrelevant to capability. But that was 60 years ago - two generations in the past. At this point, I don't think that's a material driver outside of very rare cases. I don't think there's some great barrier of racism that still needs to be overcome - and I say this as someone who has lived in eight different states, worked in multiple industries at varied levels across many years, and comes from a mixed race family. I've been watching and looking and seeing this my whole life, and it just isn't there. I've never seen or even suspected that someone's race was being used to exclude them from a role they were otherwise qualified for.

On the other hand, you've got a person with an arguably mediocre (or at least not stellar) academic background. Someone who relates the perfect bait for Cambridge - a black autistic person who has overcome monumental challenges to rise to the top in life. Academically Arday wasn't bad, but wasn't great. But the back story! Oh my, that's the exact kind of "get out of diversity jail free card" that Cambridge needed. The problem is that the back story itself is pretty unbelievable, and full of holes. This is someone who tells us that they were severely autistic to the point of being nonverbal and unable to read... but was still in regular public school (or whatever term you brits use) with neurotypical kids throughout their elementary school years. That right there is highly unlikely, and would be a severe departure from the supports that autistic children with special needs are provided. According to Arday, they started talking at age 11... but was still unable to read until age 18. That's all the way through middle and high school... and again, that's a normal high school full of normal kids, where they presumably passed all of their classes and exams despite not being able to read? Go ahead and pull the other one.

On the gripping hand, Cambridge helped prop Arday up, helped put them in the limelight, and centered them as an academic celebrity of sorts. Arday gladly leaned into that.

And the result is that Cambridge is complicit in reducing trust in academic institutions as well as eroding trust in minority academics across the board.

Arday was not truthful. It may have been intentional self-aggrandizement with no consideration for the fallout. It may have been pathological mythomania. I don't know, and realistically it's not relevant to my perspective on this. Whether Arday was a pathological liar, delusional, or just a shill doesn't actually alter my view, except perhaps to the degree of sympathy I feel toward them.

My issue is with the culture that has promoted race as an important and impactful characteristic of a person that is elevated above merit and skill, paired with a university who caved to that cultural pressure to the extent that they would promote and laud a middling and disingenuous person in order to assuage that pressure despite the clear and obvious risk to their own very valuable reputation, as well as the impact such an action has on all other minority academics.

Arday I could give or take. Obviously they were full of crap regardless of intention. And clearly they were mentally ill in some fashion or other. it's unfortunate that they committed suicide, and their remaining family has my sympathy.

But Cambridge, and the culture that caused this, has my full ire.

Okay, most of my ire - because some is reserved for those people who absolutely insist on defending Arday and pretending that they were truthful and honest and deserving of accolades, and that neither Arday nor Cambridge did anything wrong... simply because of Arday's skin color. That is a degree of posturing for social virtue points that I find exasperatingly embarrassing and damaging.
 
Utter nonsense. As mentioned before, once you get in at entry level, your previous qualifications no longer matter. For example, one of my bosses in Insolvency Practice left school at fifteen, failed his eleven-plus, yet went on to be one of the highest earning Insolvency Practitioners in the industry. Nobody cared he had no O-Levels, never mind a good degree or a chartered accountancy like his peers. (I should say, regulations have now tightened up and you have to pass the tough JIEB exams.). The point is, Arday WAS a PhD and he was a Professor. He became a Professor at Glasgow Uni in 2022. He was not taken on 'because he was a black dude'.
Do you really believe Cambridge would've drop the standards that low for a non-black candidate?
 
Okay, most of my ire - because some is reserved for those people who absolutely insist on defending Arday and pretending that they were truthful and honest and deserving of accolades, and that neither Arday nor Cambridge did anything wrong... simply because of Arday's skin color. That is a degree of posturing for social virtue points that I find exasperatingly embarrassing and damaging.
Yes, the damage this does to honest black academics must be immense. Are they actually smart and did the work or are they a diversity token?
 
I do think Ardey would still be alive to day, if the story of an academic lying about his past and plagiarism, had got a few news stories that lasted a day and no internet pile on.
Honestly, I think a lot of the press was originally incensed at Cambridge for hiring and lauding them in the first place. But when people with no consideration of the ramifications start coming out of the woodworks and excusing Arday and defending them as if they were completely honest and the poor innocent victim of a witch hunt? That's when it went off the rails.

And that's when we end up with 500+ posts among a small group of self-proclaimed skeptics arguing this to death when it really ought to have been a case of "shame on Cambridge, for not catching that guy's plagiarism". It should have been a few pages of uncovering the stories, all of us agreeing Arday shouldn't have recycled other people's work, that first school that I forgot the name of should have dinged Arday's thesis at least for unattributed quotes and not dismissed it as okay, Cambridge should have done a better job vetting Arday's background and should have evaluated the quality and integrity of Arday's thesis and publications on their own before hiring Arday (or at least before helping put them in front of cameras for attention). And then we all should have tsk-tsked and moved on.

It's the irrational need of some people to defend and rationalize Arday's part in this mess that won't let it end. And it's the rather strong inference that the reason for such defense has nothing to do with Arday's academic credentials and is instead almost entirely a result of Arday's skin color.
 
There was a vacancy either created or existent for the Sociology of Physical Education.
Honest to reason, the fact that there's even such a thing as a professor of "Sociology of Physical Education" is the heart of the damned problem. It's an inane and insane thing to make a whole class about. It's self-indulgent poppycock. It's academic onanism.
 
Big difference. Kathleen Stock believed she was right. Jason Arday knew in his heart of hearts that he was a fabulist and a plagiarist. If you truly believe you're right you'll find a lot more inner strength than you'll ever get defending something you know to be a falsehood.
Kathleen Stock's piece is self-deluded rubbish. As if anyone really gives a toss as to whether Arday ran 300 miles or 200 miles or whatever. Being a runner he almost certainly did get shin splints - that's hardly being 'a fabulist'. You don't know what his childhood conditions were. It's not uncommon to have both autism AND epilepsy.

Please read Will Self, in which he nominates Kathleen Stock for one of his "j'accuse'.

 
Definitely.
Okay, so…have you seen how much of it was cribbed from other scholars without attribution? Seems like if we're talking about qualifications it should matter whether the Ph.D. credential was obtained fraudulently.
 
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Here's my view of the situation, and why it lands strongly for me. This is my opinion, nobody else is obligated to share it.

It's a perfect ◊◊◊◊ storm. One one hand, you've got a prestigious school which has historically had very rigorous standards for both their students and their professors. That school is experiencing pressure from many different directions who wish the school to diversify its racial composition, on the assumption that a difference in outcomes is evidence of a difference in opportunity. That's one of the fundamental implicit assumptions behind DEI and it's underlying premise of intersectionality - that some people have privileges just for existing that are denied to others, based on an unspoken constellation of presumed oppressions. So Cambridge folds to this pressure, and limits their pool of applicants to non-white applicants... and the more difficult the background of that applicant, the better for Cambridge. While I admit it's faintly possible that the only applicants were racial minorities, I find it implausible. The fact that all three of their finalists were non-white suggests (but does not prove) that Cambridge was placing race at the top of the list of what they were looking for in a professor.

Now - that right there is a problem for me. I don't think that a person's race should be a sought-after characteristic in a professor. I don't think that white professors are innately better at teaching than black professors, and I don't think the opposite is true either. I think that skin color should not be a consideration at all - neither for nor against. For a while, there was an argument to be made that race had been used as a demerit for hiring and promotion, and that there needed to be an effort to overcome that discrimination in order to demonstrate that skin color was irrelevant to capability. But that was 60 years ago - two generations in the past. At this point, I don't think that's a material driver outside of very rare cases. I don't think there's some great barrier of racism that still needs to be overcome - and I say this as someone who has lived in eight different states, worked in multiple industries at varied levels across many years, and comes from a mixed race family. I've been watching and looking and seeing this my whole life, and it just isn't there. I've never seen or even suspected that someone's race was being used to exclude them from a role they were otherwise qualified for.

On the other hand, you've got a person with an arguably mediocre (or at least not stellar) academic background. Someone who relates the perfect bait for Cambridge - a black autistic person who has overcome monumental challenges to rise to the top in life. Academically Arday wasn't bad, but wasn't great. But the back story! Oh my, that's the exact kind of "get out of diversity jail free card" that Cambridge needed. The problem is that the back story itself is pretty unbelievable, and full of holes. This is someone who tells us that they were severely autistic to the point of being nonverbal and unable to read... but was still in regular public school (or whatever term you brits use) with neurotypical kids throughout their elementary school years. That right there is highly unlikely, and would be a severe departure from the supports that autistic children with special needs are provided. According to Arday, they started talking at age 11... but was still unable to read until age 18. That's all the way through middle and high school... and again, that's a normal high school full of normal kids, where they presumably passed all of their classes and exams despite not being able to read? Go ahead and pull the other one.

On the gripping hand, Cambridge helped prop Arday up, helped put them in the limelight, and centered them as an academic celebrity of sorts. Arday gladly leaned into that.

And the result is that Cambridge is complicit in reducing trust in academic institutions as well as eroding trust in minority academics across the board.

Arday was not truthful. It may have been intentional self-aggrandizement with no consideration for the fallout. It may have been pathological mythomania. I don't know, and realistically it's not relevant to my perspective on this. Whether Arday was a pathological liar, delusional, or just a shill doesn't actually alter my view, except perhaps to the degree of sympathy I feel toward them.

My issue is with the culture that has promoted race as an important and impactful characteristic of a person that is elevated above merit and skill, paired with a university who caved to that cultural pressure to the extent that they would promote and laud a middling and disingenuous person in order to assuage that pressure despite the clear and obvious risk to their own very valuable reputation, as well as the impact such an action has on all other minority academics.

Arday I could give or take. Obviously they were full of crap regardless of intention. And clearly they were mentally ill in some fashion or other. it's unfortunate that they committed suicide, and their remaining family has my sympathy.

But Cambridge, and the culture that caused this, has my full ire.

Okay, most of my ire - because some is reserved for those people who absolutely insist on defending Arday and pretending that they were truthful and honest and deserving of accolades, and that neither Arday nor Cambridge did anything wrong... simply because of Arday's skin color. That is a degree of posturing for social virtue points that I find exasperatingly embarrassing and damaging.
There were four candidates, not three. As pointed out earlier it would be illegal for Cambridge to discriminate on grounds of race, sex, disability, etc. They CANNOT stipulate 'ethnic minorities only' without breaking the law and being successfully sued.
 
Big difference. Kathleen Stock believed she was right. Jason Arday knew in his heart of hearts that he was a fabulist and a plagiarist. If you truly believe you're right you'll find a lot more inner strength than you'll ever get defending something you know to be a falsehood.
Exactly the point I was trying to make. 👍
 
Kathleen Stock's piece is self-deluded rubbish. As if anyone really gives a toss as to whether Arday ran 300 miles or 200 miles or whatever. Being a runner he almost certainly did get shin splints - that's hardly being 'a fabulist'. You don't know what his childhood conditions were. It's not uncommon to have both autism AND epilepsy.

Please read Will Self, in which he nominates Kathleen Stock for one of his "j'accuse'.


:dl:
 
Do you really believe Cambridge would've drop the standards that low for a non-black candidate?
There are plenty of mediocrities who get in by pure dint of generational wealth. For example, priority is given to attend Eton - and other top public schools - to kids whose parents were alma mater. Sure, they give scholarships but to get one, you have to pass the entry exams of which the material is geared towards those primed at the right prep schools. Nathan Cofnas' backer, Toby Young, who runs a 'Free Speech' group, failed to achieve the A-Level grades required for Oxford but got in thanks to his dad, who was a Peer and who applied pressure on Oxford to take him.

There is nothing unmerited in Arday's achievements.
 
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Yes, 'easy' (relatively) was the original meaning of 'Mickey Mouse' degrees and as famously labelled by a UK Politician in response to an abortive attempt at social mobility, in which a scheme was set up whereby people could gain qualifications via online courses. A lot of these courses attracted scammers who got paid for producing them. For example, 'Film Script-Writing', which whilst useful, I'm sure (I sent off for it) was hardly subjected to academic rigour and the scheme was soon scrapped. Sociology has NEVER been a 'Mickey Mouse' subject. It is an old established and well-respected discipline, with weighty 'men of history' such as Comte, Durkheim, Strauss, Derrida, Hegel, etc., etc. The reason right-wingers deride it is because it is associated with 'woke' and 'Marxism'- I did psychology (conservative with a small 'c') and we had the Sociology Department in the next building. This was a hotbed of student activism, trotskyism, SWSO, and people selling all kinds of socialist newspapers at the door. I think studying Sociology awakens students awareness of class society and the disadvantages and privileges of different sectors of society and this radicalises them - and almost every new generation of youth goes through this appraisal of the society we live in.

So yes, Arday was hired in such a 'woke'- acknowledgment realisation that for many Black youths in deprived areas, sport and PE is one way they find self-realisation, and Arday having come from an African immigrant working-class background and knowledgeable from personal experience in how to mentor PE coaches fit the bill of a contemporaneous need in Sociology as a discipline, i.e, offering the intellectual side.
This is an interesting post. Some of it I agree with pretty strongly. Some of it I think is absurd. There's not a whole lot of in between though, and it leaves me very conflicted on how to respond. :unsure:

I'm going to ignore your assumptions with respect to political ideology and the virtues thereof.

Instead, I'll point out that the rigor in the soft sciences (as opposed to arts) has been debased. It's probably not just the soft sciences though - I'm certain that there's been some debasement in the hard sciences as well, and that some of those previously-rigorous fields have become a bit fluffier* than they ought.

But very much like philosophy, what is accepted as sociology today would not meet the standards of those great names of the past. Genuinely - go read theses and works by those great names, and then go read some of what is passed and published within the last decade under the brand of sociology. That loss of rigor in Sociology theses and journal publications based on "autoethnography" or "Glaciers, Gender, and Science: A Feminist Glaciology Framework for Global Environmental Change Research" which has this as its abstract:

Glaciers are key icons of climate change and global environmental change. However, the relationships among gender, science, and glaciers – particularly related to epistemological questions about the production of glaciological knowledge – remain understudied. This paper thus proposes a feminist glaciology framework with four key components: (1) knowledge producers; (2) gendered science and knowledge; (3) systems of scientific domination; and (4) alternative representations of glaciers. Merging feminist postcolonial science studies and feminist political ecology, the feminist glaciology framework generates robust analysis of gender, power, and epistemologies in dynamic social-ecological systems, thereby leading to more just and equitable science and human-ice interactions.
It's obvious twaddle. It's jargony nonsense packed full of intentionally obscuring language. If you read it a few times and actually manage to translate those many-syllabled words into normal language... it pretty much reads "Here's a paper about how I didn't get to do the galcier research I wanted to do, and here's what those meanies should have to do so I can feel better about myself".

And it got published. For real. Not a hoax.

*It started when I was working toward a masters of applied mathematics, and one of my classes was "Fuzzy Mathematics". It was math, yes, and some of the foundational principles were sound, but a whole lot of the course could be boiled down to "this statistical test didn't give me the result I wanted, so I'm going to transform it and translate it over and over until it does". I know there's some conceptual plausibility to fuzzy math, but that particular course was the easiest and simultaneously most useless of my graduate courses.
 
Here's my view of the situation, and why it lands strongly for me. This is my opinion, nobody else is obligated to share it.

It's a perfect ◊◊◊◊ storm. One one hand, you've got a prestigious school which has historically had very rigorous standards for both their students and their professors. That school is experiencing pressure from many different directions who wish the school to diversify its racial composition, on the assumption that a difference in outcomes is evidence of a difference in opportunity. That's one of the fundamental implicit assumptions behind DEI and it's underlying premise of intersectionality - that some people have privileges just for existing that are denied to others, based on an unspoken constellation of presumed oppressions. So Cambridge folds to this pressure, and limits their pool of applicants to non-white applicants... and the more difficult the background of that applicant, the better for Cambridge. While I admit it's faintly possible that the only applicants were racial minorities, I find it implausible. The fact that all three of their finalists were non-white suggests (but does not prove) that Cambridge was placing race at the top of the list of what they were looking for in a professor.

Now - that right there is a problem for me. I don't think that a person's race should be a sought-after characteristic in a professor. I don't think that white professors are innately better at teaching than black professors, and I don't think the opposite is true either. I think that skin color should not be a consideration at all - neither for nor against. For a while, there was an argument to be made that race had been used as a demerit for hiring and promotion, and that there needed to be an effort to overcome that discrimination in order to demonstrate that skin color was irrelevant to capability. But that was 60 years ago - two generations in the past. At this point, I don't think that's a material driver outside of very rare cases. I don't think there's some great barrier of racism that still needs to be overcome - and I say this as someone who has lived in eight different states, worked in multiple industries at varied levels across many years, and comes from a mixed race family. I've been watching and looking and seeing this my whole life, and it just isn't there. I've never seen or even suspected that someone's race was being used to exclude them from a role they were otherwise qualified for.

On the other hand, you've got a person with an arguably mediocre (or at least not stellar) academic background. Someone who relates the perfect bait for Cambridge - a black autistic person who has overcome monumental challenges to rise to the top in life. Academically Arday wasn't bad, but wasn't great. But the back story! Oh my, that's the exact kind of "get out of diversity jail free card" that Cambridge needed. The problem is that the back story itself is pretty unbelievable, and full of holes. This is someone who tells us that they were severely autistic to the point of being nonverbal and unable to read... but was still in regular public school (or whatever term you brits use) with neurotypical kids throughout their elementary school years. That right there is highly unlikely, and would be a severe departure from the supports that autistic children with special needs are provided. According to Arday, they started talking at age 11... but was still unable to read until age 18. That's all the way through middle and high school... and again, that's a normal high school full of normal kids, where they presumably passed all of their classes and exams despite not being able to read? Go ahead and pull the other one.

On the gripping hand, Cambridge helped prop Arday up, helped put them in the limelight, and centered them as an academic celebrity of sorts. Arday gladly leaned into that.

And the result is that Cambridge is complicit in reducing trust in academic institutions as well as eroding trust in minority academics across the board.

Arday was not truthful. It may have been intentional self-aggrandizement with no consideration for the fallout. It may have been pathological mythomania. I don't know, and realistically it's not relevant to my perspective on this. Whether Arday was a pathological liar, delusional, or just a shill doesn't actually alter my view, except perhaps to the degree of sympathy I feel toward them.

My issue is with the culture that has promoted race as an important and impactful characteristic of a person that is elevated above merit and skill, paired with a university who caved to that cultural pressure to the extent that they would promote and laud a middling and disingenuous person in order to assuage that pressure despite the clear and obvious risk to their own very valuable reputation, as well as the impact such an action has on all other minority academics.

Arday I could give or take. Obviously they were full of crap regardless of intention. And clearly they were mentally ill in some fashion or other. it's unfortunate that they committed suicide, and their remaining family has my sympathy.

But Cambridge, and the culture that caused this, has my full ire.

Okay, most of my ire - because some is reserved for those people who absolutely insist on defending Arday and pretending that they were truthful and honest and deserving of accolades, and that neither Arday nor Cambridge did anything wrong... simply because of Arday's skin color. That is a degree of posturing for social virtue points that I find exasperatingly embarrassing and damaging.
Essentially, yes, I agree with you.

The problem, all round, is one of identitarianism.

It's always a problem to think that promotion of a person's skin colour is a good idea because it is fundamentally unprincipled and anyone doing it becomes a hostage to fortune.
 
Exactly the point I was trying to make. 👍

Any self-doubt or 'imposter syndrome' felt by Arday would not be because, "He knew in his heart of hearts he was a fabulist'" but because horrible snobs and busybodies like Kathleen Stock made sure he would always know his place. These creeps knew Arday was autistic, sensitive and highly vulnerable yet they hounded him to death. Complete and utter reprobates. Unspeakable wretches.
 
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