In 2023 at SBM David Gorski
covered the use of placebos in clinical trials. The entire article is worth reading, but here is a key passage: "Because the Salk polio vaccine was the first of its kind, science did require a placebo control (although an argument could have been made for using historical controls as a comparator), but there was a high cost. It is a cost that should never be considered lightly or accepted when not absolutely necessary. Again, ethics must always win out when designing an RCT [randomized controlled trial]. Antivaxxers think nothing of demanding massive clinical trials testing all potential combinations of vaccine ingredients against each other—and against a saline placebo, of course!—with no thought to ethics, potential harms to subjects, practicality, feasibility, and cost."
Also in 2023 co-inventor of a vaccine for the rotavirus, Paul Offit,
wrote, "The casual cruelty expressed by ICAN’s lawyer can also be found in an event that occurred almost 70 years ago. In 1954, 420,000 first and second graders in the United States were inoculated with Jonas Salk’s inactivated polio vaccine; 200,000 were inoculated with salt water. It was one of the largest placebo-controlled trials of a medical product in history. Jonas Salk didn’t want to do it. He couldn’t conscience giving a saltwater shot to young children when as many as 50,000 were paralyzed by polio and 1,500 died every year. When the trial was over, the vaccine was declared “
safe, effective, and potent.” Church bells rang out; synagogues held special prayer meetings; department store patrons stopped to listen to the results of the trial over loudspeakers. How did we know that Jonas Salk’s polio vaccine was effective? We knew because 16 children died from polio in that study—all in the placebo group. We knew because 34 of the 36 children paralyzed by polio in that study were in the placebo group. These are the gentle heroes we leave behind."