There are many examples where the creditors took the company out of Chapter 11 bankruptcy and were not only made whole, but made a killing. Charter Communications is one example. Orange County went through a Chapter 9 bankruptcy (which is the code governing municipalities), and the creditors were made whole. It depends largely on why it went into bankruptcy. If it was a cash flow issue, or some bond convenants were breached, then Chapter 11 is usually forced by the creditors in order to protect their claims. Another example is AMBAC (a bond insurer), which went bankrupt in 2010. Its "claim" bonds are trading well over 100 cents on the dollar.
The canonical recovery value used in the credit default swap market for corporations (both US and European) is 40%. That's for senior unsecured debt. Of course, that implies that the recovery will actually be much larger than 40% because there is generally a huge risk premium to be earned in buying defaulted debt, and the recovery value is defined as the market value of the debt just after a default. Often, recovery values are much higher, sometimes exceeding 100%, which is weird but does happen.
Secured debt, by the way, is very likely to be paid back in full in general. Junior creditors are very likely not to be paid back in full. On the other hand, they are usually paid a very high interest so that they might prove to be winners overall if the bonds pay for 5-10 years.