confirmation bias promotes weak science
In a previous post,
Arnold Martin promoted a
recent paper written by Philip J Lloyd. I have now read the full paper, whose eight short pages contain almost three pages of graphs and tables showing data collected by other researchers, roughly two pages that purport to describe those graphs, one page of references, and roughly two pages of introduction, discussion, and conclusion in which the author states his personal belief that his graphs might cast doubt upon our ability to extract a "signal of anthropogenic global warming" from the noise of natural variation.
Lloyd's argument is statistically illiterate, and his short paper contains several obvious errors that should have been caught and corrected by the editor and peer reviewers. After looking into the journal's academic reputation and the author's own background, however, I am no longer astonished that Lloyd would write such a weak paper or that it would be accepted for publication by
Energy and Environment.
This paper is getting a lot of attention from deniers of climate change.
Lloyd's ResearchGate page credits him with 30 publications and 23 citations over the course of his long career, but 187 of his 604 downloads came within the past week. Those 187 most recent downloads included 117 downloads of the paper
Arnold Martin cited; another 62 downloaded a position paper called
Nuclear Power is Essential for National Progress, which was published by a nuclear project management company. According to
statistics provided by ResearchGate, 4 of those 187 downloads went to universities.
As he approaches his 80th birthday, Lloyd must enjoy the attention he's getting from
Arnold Martin and other colleagues.
Dr. Philip Lloyd, a South Africa-based physicist and climate researcher,
All of Lloyd's academic degrees are in chemical engineering. His 30 publications listed at ResearchGate show no evidence of research in physics. In addition to the paper we're discussing, Lloyd lists one other climate-related article, which was published by the South African Water Research Commission.
Getting back to the paper we're discussing, my previous comments provide a fair summary of it:
Looking at the abstract of the paper, it appears Lloyd is talking about standard deviation of temperature considered as a time series sampled at hundred-year intervals, and is not talking about the standard deviation of temperatures averaged over those centuries. If so, then he's talking about weather, not climate, and his statistics are no more relevant to climate change than the fact that temperatures tend to vary over the course of a day, month, year, or decade.
Lloyd argues otherwise, but his argument consists of statistical fallacies. Lloyd thinks it's next to impossible to detect a rising trend within a time series whose sample-to-sample variation has a standard deviation of the same order as the trend. (More precisely, Lloyd looks at the variation between samples taken 100 years apart within the detrended (!) time series, but that just makes his argument even more fallacious.)
Going beyond the statistical howlers, which might well sound plausible to statistically illiterate readers, Lloyd's paper contains several obvious mistakes that expose the poor quality of its writing, editing, and peer review. Here, for example, is the paper's entire description of its Figure 2:
Philip J Lloyd said:
Figure 2 shows the Holocene to 4 000 years before present for, based upon Ar-N2 isotope temperature reconstruction9.
That isn't even a sentence. It becomes a sentence if we ignore the highlighted word, but that repaired sentence does not explain why the vertical axis of Figure 2, which is labelled "Temperature, deg C", ranges from a low of -34 to a high of -27. Reference
9 is "High variability of Greenland surface temperature over the past 4000 years estimated from trapped air in an ice core". If you're the sort of person who wonders whether it's really a good idea to infer planet-wide variability from temperatures that never rise above -27 C (-16.6 F), then you aren't likely to be impressed by the depth of Lloyd's explanation.
I could give several similar examples from the paper, but let's look instead at a statistic that might be more relevant. According to
Wikipedia's article on Energy and Environment, the journal that published this paper:
Wikipedia said:
According to the
Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 0.319, ranking it 90th out of 93 journals in the category "Environmental Studies".
How does a journal achieve that level of objective impact? By publishing papers like Lloyd's. Why does a journal publish papers like Lloyd's? As its long-term editor in chief explained:
Sonja Boehmer-Christiansen said:
I'm following my political agenda---a bit, anyway. But isn't that the right of the editor?
I now understand why
Energy and Environment's standards align so well with
Arnold Martin's.