How much CO2 does it take to raise the temperature at some signification? A bunch of deniers I've discussed with claim that if you double todays amount of CO2 the temperature would raise 1 degree, is that true?
This is both correct, and inaccurate!
Correct, in that if you could hold all other factors in check, in a laboratory setting, a doubling of pre-industrial atmospheric concentration CO
2 (~270ppm CO
2 to 540ppm CO
2) would cause, in isolation, a little bit more than 1° C rise in temperature.
Inaccurate, in that when we are talking about our planet's atmosphere, we cannot hold all other factors in check. As soon as temperatures start to rise, water in the environment will evaporate to load up the atmosphere to the new carrying capacity of water vapor that the atmosphere can hold. Water vapor is a much more potent greenhouse gas than CO
2 but it is highly dependent upon atmospheric temperature. When the water vapor feed back equilibrates with the CO
2 forcing, it is sufficient to additionally raise the temperature a bit more than 2-2.5°C or so.
In a sealed test-tube, a doubling of CO
2 roughly yields 1°C of additional energy retained when such tubes are exposed to appropriate long-wave radiation. In our planet's atmosphere, however, a doubling of CO
2 concentration does not happen in isolation and it results (from additional feedback mechanisms) in a short-term/immediate IR "insulation" that retains 3-3.5+°C temperature. There are other gasses and conditions that add to, and subtract from this baseline, which is why there are differences of consideration among climate scientists as to what our precise short-term and long-term climate sensitivity to CO
2 forcing is.