The Jesus Myth, and it's failures

I think Pontius Pilate has discussed before here at JREF
http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=9244497&postcount=22
...the context of the soldiers mocking Jesus is such that it's reasonable and plausible to assume that these same soldiers had written the Titulus as further mockery. It's only in John that Pilate personally writes the Titulus in a much more elaborate passage (Jn. 19:19 - 22):

Pilate also wrote a title and put it on the cross; it read, "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews" Many of the Jews read this title, for the place where Jesus was crucified was near the city; and it was written in Hebrew, in Latin and in Greek. The chief priests of the Jews the said to Pilate, "Do not write, 'The King of the Jews,' but, 'This man said, I am the King of the Jews.' " Pilate answered, "I have written what I have written."

This account is highly implausible. It's unlikely Pilate would have bothered writing the Titulus. Also, the author of the Gospel of John, writing in Greek, seems to have thought that the Jews of that day were speaking and writing in Hebrew; when, in fact, they were reading and writing in Aramaic. So, to believe John's account, we have to accept that not only that Pilate would bother to personally write the Titulus; but that he not only knew Latin and Greek, which is reasonably plausible, but that he knew and could write Hebrew - by that time only a liturgical language - as well.

The depiction of Pilate in the gospels, particularly John, is at varience with what we actually know of him. Josephus portrays him as quite brutal, and he seems to have been removed from office by the Romans for his excessive brutality. Remember that he was a protoge of Lucius Aelius Sejenus, the captain of the Praetorian Guard who was de facto ruler of the Roman Empire while Tiberius secluded himself on the isle of Capri. Sejenus was overthrown and executed when his plot to assassinate Tiberius and make himself emperor in name as well, was discovered. Those who remember the PBS series I, Claudius will recall that Patrick Stewart played Sejenus, portraying him with a certain genial malice.

I'd assumed that letter of Philo's more or less put paid to any doubts about Pilate's existence
http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/yonge/book40.html

Then there are those references to Pilate in Josephus- could they all be made up?

Still, as I read up on the Pilate Stone, I found it difficult to find sites which weren't goofy.
http://enrichmentjournal.ag.org/201304/201304_032_pilate_inscript.cfm
http://s8int.com/page33.html

The second link is especially worthy of attention:eye-poppi
Could anyone recommend some sources of information on the subject of the Pilate Inscription?
I tried google scholar and found
http://christianity-science.gr/files/Archaeology_and_the_New_Testament.pdf
 
On Pilate:
If not Pilate then who? Pilate was a leader and there were leaders before him and after him in a similar position. Were they all made up? Did Josephus just make up a different name for the guy who held Pilate's position to fool history? It seems like it is extremely likely that Pilate existed based on a variety of arguments.

It is possible that the Gospels don't represent evidence independent of Josephus for the existence of Pilate since the author of gMark may have gotten the name of Pilate from Josephus but that doesn't mean that they don't provide some evidence for Pilate also. Given the time frame they were written in it seems likely that there might have been some memory of the Roman prefect that ruled in the 29 o 31 time frame and using a made up name for the prefect of that period might have damaged the credibility of the Gospels.

On the coins:
It looks to me like IanS is correct with regard to that. It seems like coins with dates of the hypothetical Pilate's rule are just assumed to have been minted by Pilate. Pilate's name and image are not on them, but the coins minted by the other Judean Prefects didn't have their names or images on them either.
 
...
It is possible that the Gospels don't represent evidence independent of Josephus for the existence of Pilate since the author of gMark may have gotten the name of Pilate from Josephus but that doesn't mean that they don't provide some evidence for Pilate also. Given the time frame they were written in it seems likely that there might have been some memory of the Roman prefect that ruled in the 29 o 31 time frame and using a made up name for the prefect of that period might have damaged the credibility of the Gospels. ...

Interesting thoughts, davefoc!
About the hilited bit:
Mark is thought to have written in Rome, correct me if I'm wrong, and well after the fire that destroyed Rome during Nero's reign.
I understand that fire destroyed a huge swathe of governmental records, both senatorial and Imperial, so it's not entirely certain what Josephus (or Tacitus) would have used as source material for their writings.
So how would Mark have known who was the prefect back in the day?
It's all very confusing.

I'm just musing here; I've spent some time today reading up on the Nazareth Inscription and so am feeling prone to disbelieve just about everything claimed to be sourced from the first century.
 
Interesting thoughts, davefoc!
Thank you. :blush:

About the hilited bit:
Mark is thought to have written in Rome, correct me if I'm wrong,
From the Wikipedia article on gMark:
Various elements within the gospel suggest that the author wrote in Syria or Palestine for a non-Jewish Christian community
I find it interesting that it isn't possible to pin down the source, the origin location and the dates of the Gospels with more precision. People have spent an enormous amount of time trying to do that and the arguments about the most common theories have never seemed compelling to me. I don't know what to make of that exactly except that for a long time Christianity was a very small movement that nonetheless was still widely distributed. This is one of the reasons I think my view that Christianity arose in a movement that already existed is probably correct.


and well after the fire that destroyed Rome during Nero's reign.
I understand that fire destroyed a huge swathe of governmental records, both senatorial and Imperial, so it's not entirely certain what Josephus (or Tacitus) would have used as source material for their writings.
So how would Mark have known who was the prefect back in the day?
It's all very confusing.
My view is that gMark is essentially fiction with some historical details woven into it. And that view leads to the question you suggest: "Where did the author of gMark get his historical details from"? I don't know but it is an interesting question. I believe the evidence approaches overwhelming that the author of gLuke got historical details from Josephus, but where did the author of gMark get his historical data? Is it possible that gMark was written close enough in time and location of the hypothetical HJ that he or his sources knew of them through written and oral information that was circulating in their community at the time?
I'm just musing here; I've spent some time today reading up on the Nazareth Inscription and so am feeling prone to disbelieve just about everything claimed to be sourced from the first century.
I suspect that there are legitimate sources that describe testing that was done on the Pilate plaque to validate its authenticity. I didn't see a reference to that in the popular writings that I scanned when this issue came up but if the results of the testing had indicated some kind of fraud I think the popular writings would have indicated that. As it is, it seems like the plaque was found in situ (although not quite in the original situ) and there just isn't much reason to doubt its authenticity.
 
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It is possible that the Gospels don't represent evidence independent of Josephus for the existence of Pilate since the author of gMark may have gotten the name of Pilate from Josephus but that doesn't mean that they don't provide some evidence for Pilate also. Given the time frame they were written in it seems likely that there might have been some memory of the Roman prefect that ruled in the 29 o 31 time frame and using a made up name for the prefect of that period might have damaged the credibility of the Gospels.



Isn't g-Mark supposed to pre-date Josephus? In which case, how does Mark copy Josephus?

But, since the earliest copies of Josephus were apparently written by Christian copyists 1000 years after Josephus had died, how do we know any passages about Pilate are genuine anyway?

Sure it seems that someone must have been govenor around 30AD. But if it turns out that Pilate (if he existed) was not in fact the govenor at that particular time, then it means the gospel stories of the execution cannot actually be correct ... even though the gospel writers apparently knew the event in such detail as to report verbatim what Pilate said to Jesus and what Jesus said in reply to him!

As far as the coins are concerned - yes of course a govenor of Judea presumably minted them with those relevent dates of 29, 30, 31AD. But afaik the coins don't tell us who that govenor was. And if it was not Pilate then, again, the gospel stories of the execution cannot be correct (shrugs).
 
I'm just musing here; I've spent some time today reading up on the Nazareth Inscription and so am feeling prone to disbelieve just about everything claimed to be sourced from the first century.


Ditto (ie me too) where any stories about Jesus appear to derive from the earliest gospels (ie g-Mark?) and the letters of Paul. For sources like that, I've certainly arrived at the point where Im sceptical about any of it without independent corroboration (which is why I'm "musing" about whether we even have decent evidence of Pilates existence). :confused:
 
Gday,

I have to ask; just who uses anything out of the old standbys of Paul, Gospel, Josephus, Tacitus, Suetonius, Pliny the Younger, Talmud, and Thallus?

Some lists I've seen online include a few others like Lucian or Galen or Quadratus. I tried to be comprehensive in my list.
e.g.
http://www.doxa.ws/Jesus_pages/HistJesus_index2.html


Or Christ Mythers even if they accept there being a man behind the story ala Frazer.

Or even Jesus-deniers, which is becoming popular these days - invoking the spectre of Holocaust deniers.


K.
 
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Isn't g-Mark supposed to pre-date Josephus? In which case, how does Mark copy Josephus?
I didn't make my point very well there. My point was that I don't think the fact that the Gospels mention Pilate is strong evidence in favor of the existence of Pilate because the author of gMark is a reliable historian that might have had independent knowledge of Pilate from primary or reliable oral sources. Rather I think it is evidence of the existence of Pilate because if the gMark author had just made up the Pilate character there might have been people living who would have noted the error and the credibility of his Gospel would have been reduced.

But, since the earliest copies of Josephus were apparently written by Christian copyists 1000 years after Josephus had died, how do we know any passages about Pilate are genuine anyway?
I realize that this is a theme of a lot of your posts and I am sympathetic to the idea, however I think you overplay this point. Anything is possible but there is a substantial body of historical documents from this period and it would be very difficult to make up something a thousand years after the fact and have it mesh with the other documentation in such a way as to make it not obviously just made up crap. In the case of Pilate apparently he is mentioned by other authors, there is the issue of who was the prefect if not Pilate and there is a plaque with his name on it that seems to be a genuine artifact.

Sure it seems that someone must have been govenor around 30AD. But if it turns out that Pilate (if he existed) was not in fact the govenor at that particular time, then it means the gospel stories of the execution cannot actually be correct ... even though the gospel writers apparently knew the event in such detail as to report verbatim what Pilate said to Jesus and what Jesus said in reply to him!
I think there are two points in your paragraph above:
1. Somebody after the fact of the Gospels might have forged stories about Pilate to provide evidence of a character in the Gospels.
2. The Gospel writers included details they couldn't possibly have known in their stories.

On point 1: if your point is that anything is possible, so that is possible also, then you're right. But if your point is that there is a significant chance that somebody created to the Pilate character out of whole cloth to add credibility to the Gospels I think you're wrong. Absolute proof is rarely if ever possible for any kind of history, and that is especially true for what is knowable about the history of something that happened 2000 years ago. However, in the context of a discussion about the HJ, the existence of Pilate looks to be one of those rare things where something can be judged to be true with extraordinary confidence.

On point 2, I am in complete agreement. The Gospels are written in a fictional style whereby the author just makes up stuff that he couldn't possibly know and for which a credible source seems very unlikely. However that obviously doesn't equate to the idea that everything in the Gospels is fictional.

As far as the coins are concerned - yes of course a governor of Judea presumably minted them with those relevant dates of 29, 30, 31AD. But afaik the coins don't tell us who that governor was. And if it was not Pilate then, again, the gospel stories of the execution cannot be correct (shrugs).
I wonder why only coins from 29,30, and 31 are credited to Pilate. According to the WIkipedia article he was in power from 26 to 36.
 
Thank you. :blush:

From the Wikipedia article on gMark:
I find it interesting that it isn't possible to pin down the source, the origin location and the dates of the Gospels with more precision. People have spent an enormous amount of time trying to do that and the arguments about the most common theories have never seemed compelling to me. I don't know what to make of that exactly except that for a long time Christianity was a very small movement that nonetheless was still widely distributed. This is one of the reasons I think my view that Christianity arose in a movement that already existed is probably correct.


My view is that gMark is essentially fiction with some historical details woven into it. And that view leads to the question you suggest: "Where did the author of gMark get his historical details from"? I don't know but it is an interesting question. I believe the evidence approaches overwhelming that the author of gLuke got historical details from Josephus, but where did the author of gMark get his historical data? Is it possible that gMark was written close enough in time and location of the hypothetical HJ that he or his sources knew of them through written and oral information that was circulating in their community at the time?I suspect that there are legitimate sources that describe testing that was done on the Pilate plaque to validate its authenticity. I didn't see a reference to that in the popular writings that I scanned when this issue came up but if the results of the testing had indicated some kind of fraud I think the popular writings would have indicated that. As it is, it seems like the plaque was found in situ (although not quite in the original situ) and there just isn't much reason to doubt its authenticity.


Hi, dave!
Thanks for the answer.
If you Google the subject, it would seem there are a number of scholars who place Mark in Rome, or at the very least, writing for a Roman audience.
I'll cite some sources for you in a later post, if you like.

As for the Nazareth Inscription, it's called that because it was bought in Nazareth in 1878, Nazareth apparently being a centre for buying antiquities back then.

As for its authenticity, it's wide open to doubts its anything but a fraud manufactured for the antiquarian/tourist trade.

I'll post up links to sources later, if you're interested.


Thanks for the list, Kapyong!


Ditto (ie me too) where any stories about Jesus appear to derive from the earliest gospels (ie g-Mark?) and the letters of Paul. For sources like that, I've certainly arrived at the point where Im sceptical about any of it without independent corroboration (which is why I'm "musing" about whether we even have decent evidence of Pilates existence). :confused:

I'm glad someone else feels that way.
I find making marmalades and jellies helps considerably with that particular sensation.
Off to check on the process of my pear/mustard jam, meant to be eaten with chunks of Parmeggiano or Manchego cheese.
 
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Not to throw things too far off track, but what is the general consensus about Paul's use of "Christ Jesus", as opposed to just "Jesus" or "Jesus Christ"? Is it just accepted as a rhetorical or stylistic approach? Is there any suggestion that it is not what it seems? What if someone took all of Paul's originals and everywhere he says, "Christ" they tacked on "Jesus"? Is that at all possible?
 
I didn't make my point very well there. My point was that I don't think the fact that the Gospels mention Pilate is strong evidence in favor of the existence of Pilate because the author of gMark is a reliable historian that might have had independent knowledge of Pilate from primary or reliable oral sources. Rather I think it is evidence of the existence of Pilate because if the gMark author had just made up the Pilate character there might have been people living who would have noted the error and the credibility of his Gospel would have been reduced.


Dave - first, thanks for your comments. Secondly - I’m just asking these questions because I think everything about the Pilate Stone raises doubts so obvious that surely everyone should have immediately had the same concerns. Especially in the light of almost identical recent finds of inscriptions on the James Ossuary and other stone tablets.

Anyway, first re the above quote - I think there are quite a lot of assumptions needed if you think people would have noticed that g-Mark was talking about a person called Pilate who was not actually the governor they remember, or not even a governor whose name they recognised at all.

It would take several pages to describe all the assumptions that I think are hiding in your comment above, so just very very briefly -

First you have to be assuming that g-Mark was indeed written at the earliest date typically given by bible scholars, theologians and Christians, ie circa 75AD. I think that sort of date is probably too optimistic and that it’s safer to assume the actual date may be quite a bit later than that.

However, regardless of the date - few ordinary Christians at that time could actually read, and presumably even fewer (probably not a single one) would have access to seeing any first written copy of g-Mark anyway.

Presumably the first written gospels were commissioned either by a few church leaders, or else by a wealthy individual who wanted a written record of the wonderful story of Jesus. But that would not be freely available to the mass of believers on the streets of Judea.

In fact we might also ask - where were those first gospels written anyway? Was it actually in the region of Judea? Or was it actually much further field? Eg, in Rome or in Alexandria, in Syria, or where?

Also, would Roman officials or other officials care much about what Christians on the streets were saying about the crucifixion of a messiah of the distant past? Would they care enough to leave such copious written records that they would survive until today? I suspect not.



I realize that this is a theme of a lot of your posts and I am sympathetic to the idea, however I think you overplay this point. Anything is possible but there is a substantial body of historical documents from this period and it would be very difficult to make up something a thousand years after the fact and have it mesh with the other documentation in such a way as to make it not obviously just made up crap. In the case of Pilate apparently he is mentioned by other authors, there is the issue of who was the prefect if not Pilate and there is a plaque with his name on it that seems to be a genuine artifact.



Dave, this is not merely a "theme" of mine. It should be a “theme” of everyone’s!

In any other sphere of investigation, the idea of relying on what are in fact only a tiny handful of brief sentences about Jesus (and afaik not much more about Pilate) in copies made 1000 years after the events by Christians themselves (ie not at all independent parties), would be dismissed as absurdly unreliable and unacceptable. You would never be able to present evidence like that with any credibility in a court of law for example (ie in a jury trial), and for the exact same reason that the judge would either rule it out as entirely unacceptable, or else advise the jury to treat such claimed “evidence” with extreme caution.

IOW - a passage of time like that (1000 years!) after which all you have are copies made by Christians themselves, who by that time are known to have 1000 years of copying history in which they frequently "corrected" their copies with all sorts of alterations and additions ... that's just not credible as reliable evidence at all. And nobody should ever think it is.

Nor is that just a matter of “anything being possible”. On the contrary, afaik everyone agrees that it is a known fact that over the decades Christian copyists frequently made all sorts of “corrections” and alterations to documents they copied. Where later religious opinion meant that a particular idea was current, then they felt free to make that change to whatever the original texts had previously said.

That does not need entire passages to be re-written. Nobody is saying that. And that is entirely unnecessary. All that was necessary, and what in fact we know did actually happen in various parts of all that Christian copying, is that they just added a few explanatory words or changed a few words to better express what by that later date was believed to be the accepted story according to the church.


Next point, you say “and it would be very difficult to make up something a thousand years after the fact and have it mesh with the other documentation in such a way as to make it not obviously just made up crap." I don’t think that is actually true at all. I don’t think it would be difficult at all. In fact I think it would be supremely easy.

For example - as just explained above, we are not talking about copyists changing 50% of the original writing of Josephus or Tacitus etc. We are only talking about a few tiny words added, deleted or altered (even mistranslated!) here and there in the few sentences that relate to what people believed as legendary stories of a messiah that none of them hade ever met.

Secondly, afaik - one common criticism of the Jesus stories is that almost none of the contemporary writers of the time even mention him at all. And afaik, that also means all those same writers never mentioned anyone called Pontius Pilate either. Without checking, I’m willing to take a friendly bet that all mention of Pilate comes only in the writing that is also at that point talking about Jesus. That does not mean that I would be surprised to hear that Philo or Josephus wrote passages saying Pilate was a vicious cruel governor or whatever they wrote about him, and that those particular sentences did not inc. the name of Jesus, but my bet is that any such passages are directly relating to what the authors had just said about the execution of Jesus.

So afaik, there is nothing about Pilate in Josephus, Tacitus or Philo that has to “mesh” with any other contemporary writing at all. Because afaik little if any of that other contemporary writing mentions anyone named Pilate at all!

Also - we are in any case talking about non-biblical writing (Josephus, Tacitus etc.) which came after the first gospels had already claimed that Pilate executed Jesus. So it’s obviously possible that later authors such as Josephus and Tacitus were merely reporting what earlier Christians themselves had said about Pilate executing Jesus. In fact, we have to keep in mind here precisely what you above called my “theme”, ie namely - what we have as the writing of Josephus and Tacitus does not actually come to us from anywhere around the end of the 1st century, but sorry to say it yet again, it comes from 1000 years later!! That means - anything about Pilate appearing in stuff such as Josephus, Tacitus, Philo etc., has a whopping 1000 years in which the Christian copyists may have decided that the work lacked that useful info of Pilate doing various things at the time of Jesus.



I think there are two points in your paragraph above:
1. Somebody after the fact of the Gospels might have forged stories about Pilate to provide evidence of a character in the Gospels.
2. The Gospel writers included details they couldn't possibly have known in their stories.

On point 1: if your point is that anything is possible, so that is possible also, then you're right. But if your point is that there is a significant chance that somebody created to the Pilate character out of whole cloth to add credibility to the Gospels I think you're wrong. Absolute proof is rarely if ever possible for any kind of history, and that is especially true for what is knowable about the history of something that happened 2000 years ago. However, in the context of a discussion about the HJ, the existence of Pilate looks to be one of those rare things where something can be judged to be true with extraordinary confidence.



OK, well if you just “think” I’m wrong, that is merely a difference of opinion between us. But I’m not merely saying it because “anything is possible”. On the contrary I have explained in detail many times why gospel stories of Jesus are likely to be only mythical. And others have also explained that many times too, inc. almost every sceptical author who has ever published a book on this subject. So that is most definitely not just a case of “anything might be possible”.

Very briefly to explain those reasons again - authors like Randel Helms have shown with absolute clarity, and I think unarguable fact, that the gospel stories of Jesus were typically taken from what the authors believed to have been written in the ancient Jewish OT. So that is where the Jesus stories came from. That is the first overall point about the gospels (see Randel Helms, Gospel Fictions).

As far as the specific passage about Pilate is concerned - the letters of Paul are supposed to pre-date g-Mark by around 20-30 years. Personally I would not be surprised if g-Mark actually dates to the 2nd century and is perhaps much more than 20-30 years after Paul. However, I think it’s perfectly obvious form what Paul wrote about his vision of the Risen Jesus and his claim that Jesus must have risen on the third day, that later gospel writers may have understood Paul’s preaching to mean that Jesus had been executed at a time very close to Paul’s vision. And rightly or wrongly, those later gospel authors may have believed that the official in charge at that time was a man named Pilate.

However, they may, or may not, have been right about the name of Pilate as the governor.

And that takes us right back to the Pilate Stone again. Because that Pilate Stone appears to be the only actual evidence for the existence of Pilate …. but the inscription on that stone raises very obvious questions as to it’s authenticity and how any such claimed authenticity was verified. And I don't recall anyone yet having produced any kind of answer to that question?



On point 2, I am in complete agreement. The Gospels are written in a fictional style whereby the author just makes up stuff that he couldn't possibly know and for which a credible source seems very unlikely. However that obviously doesn't equate to the idea that everything in the Gospels is fictional.

I wonder why only coins from 29,30, and 31 are credited to Pilate. According to the WIkipedia article he was in power from 26 to 36.


As far as the date on the coins is concerned - I expect bible scholars and theologians are only interested in those dates that match their pre-conceived belief that Jesus was executed in 30AD.

But as I said before - the coins appear to be evidence of nothing at all re Jesus or anyone named Pilate.
 
Gday,

As far as the specific passage about Pilate is concerned - the letters of Paul are supposed to pre-date g-Mark by around 20-30 years. Personally I would not be surprised if g-Mark actually dates to the 2nd century and is perhaps much more than 20-30 years after Paul.

Indeed.
Christians only seemed to become aware of the Gospels in early-mid 2nd C. Where were they hiding if they were written from 70AD on ?

Here's a list of Christian books by decade showing how late Gospels became known :


<50s>
Paul - NO Gospel mentions

<60s>
Hebrews - NO Gospel mentions

<80s>
Colossians - NO Gospel mentions
1 John - NO Gospel mentions
James - NO Gospel mentions

<90s>
Ephesians - NO Gospel mentions
2 Thess. - NO Gospel mentions
1 Peter - NO Gospel mentions
1 Clement - NO Gospel mentions
Revelation - NO Gospel mentions

<100s>
The Didakhe - NO Gospel mentions
Jude - NO Gospel mentions

<110s>
Barnabas - NO Gospel mentions

<120s>
2 John - NO Gospel mentions
3 John - NO Gospel mentions
G.Thomas - NO Gospel mentions

<130s>
Papias - mentions 2 writings, not called Gospels yet
2 Peter - NO Gospel mentions
The Pastorals - NO Gospel mentions
G.Peter - NO Gospel mentions

<140s>
to Diognetus - NO Gospel mentions
Ep.Apostles - NO Gospel mentions
2 Clement - NO Gospel mentions
Aristides - calls the singular Gospel newly preached in 138-161CE

<150s>
Justin refers to "memoirs of the apostles" which are "also called Gospels". But he gives no names, and his quotes are not identical to modern Gospels.


From about the 180s the Gospels are very frequently quoted by everyone at length over and over. It seems they were unknown till 2nd C.



K.
 
There is the Diatessaron, a Gospel harmony supposedly written by Taitian about 160AD possibly in Syriac.

I don't know exactly how certain any of the information about the Diatessaron is but if the 160 AD is roughly correct, it is reasonable to assume that the Gospels had been circulating for awhile before somebody would have deemed it worthwhile to create a harmonization of them.
 
Gday,

There is the Diatessaron, a Gospel harmony supposedly written by Taitian about 160AD possibly in Syriac.

I don't know exactly how certain any of the information about the Diatessaron is but if the 160 AD is roughly correct, it is reasonable to assume that the Gospels had been circulating for awhile before somebody would have deemed it worthwhile to create a harmonization of them.

Yah, depends how long 'awhile' is.
If we can trust Papias, then some Gospel-like writings were in existence around the 130s.

Meanwhile, Justin knows of 'memoirs of the apostles' which are 'called Gospels' (without names yet it appears) around the 150s.

Then Tatian knows of 4 Gospels around the 160s - he appears to know there were FOUR before they had names (diaTessaron meaning essentially 'from Four'.) Tatian was Justin's pupil IIRC, perhaps he inherited four Gospel documents from Justin.

Finally it appears they were named by Irenaeus in the 180s.


K.
 
I just found this article on Mark when I was looking around for information about what the latest possible date for Mark might be:

http://www.michaelturton.com/Mark/GMark_intro.html

I liked this guy's approach quite a bit and maybe somebody reading this thread might enjoy it as well.

On the issue that I was interested in, the latest possible date for Mark, he throws out the possibility that the author of Mark might have been referencing the destruction of Jerusalem in 130AD as opposed to the 65AD destruction that is generally assumed. I had wondered about this possibility but this is the first time I have seen a mention of it in an article written by what seems like a credible individual on this.

I think, the bottom line of the article on the issue of the date for Mark is that nobody knows. Not a very interesting answer, but an honest one.
 
davefoc

I think, the bottom line of the article on the issue of the date for Mark is that nobody knows. Not a very interesting answer, but an honest one.
Nobody knows much about many ancient contingencies. The destruction of the Temple was 70. 65 is in play for Mark because what Jesus says about the Temple's destruction is trivially true. Here, let me be a prophet. Someday, the Pyramids won't exist, not one stone atop another. You heard it here first. You also know I'm right - someday is a very long time.

And although it seems as much of a sacrilege around here as at CARM to say so, there's nothing in Mark that even suggests that Jesus meant anything more ambitious than what I just said about the pyramids. Retrospectively, a big deal was made of it - just as, if some Muslims blow up the pyramids next year, as their co-religionists blew up the Buddhist colossal statues in Afghanistan, I am never going to let you forget that I wrote the above paragraph. Not even if there are plenty of stones left piled up, just as there are still today in Jerusalem.

Assuming the interest in dating the Gospels is to explain the observed rise and early spread of Christianity, then the synoptics' First Century status is largely because they contain the "Olivet" prediction. Jesus' return was a selling point, as we know from Paul, and the synotpics have Jesus saying he'll return in his contemporaries' lifetimes. That is, well within the first readers' lifetimes, and soon, since the first readers arrive decades after the evangelization effort began.

The "last man standing" among Jesus' reputed associates is traditionally John. If you pick 12 people haphazardly, even back then, one of them might have died at age 80 or so. John may have been quite young when he came to Jesus' attention. Turn of the Second Century is about as late as you can have any living associate of Jesus. John (written by somebody else) doesn't have the Olivet, and is epilog (now chapter 21) appears to me plausibly to have been added on the occasion of the death of the last man standing. Hence, a turn or early Second Century date.

The whole thing could have been faked at any later time, of course, by somebody with the wit to introduce progression into the bogus record. John 21 rolls over on Peter, so this faker rolled over on Jesus, too, to give Jesus even more credibility as God's only son. The superficial stupidity of that strategy shows how fantastically clever this flim-flam artist was.

OK, maybe, but it's hardly capricious to take the record at face value, with development of the sales literature attributed to the changing needs of the sales crews in the field. If so, then the usual datings make sense, without gymanstics - although gymanstics often yield roughly the same range of dates.
 
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Gday,

Indeed.
Christians only seemed to become aware of the Gospels in early-mid 2nd C. Where were they hiding if they were written from 70AD on ?
Here's a list of Christian books by decade showing how late Gospels became known :

.
. etc.
.

From about the 180s the Gospels are very frequently quoted by everyone at length over and over. It seems they were unknown till 2nd C.

K.



Thank you for that list.

Re. the highlighted question - there are several obvious possibilities -


1. The early 1st century dates so often cited by bible scholars, theologians and Christians, are simply wrong.

And the obvious reason why such dating may be far too early, is simply that the dates come from interested parties who wish to place the dates as close as possible to the time of Jesus. Otherwise, the further the dates are from the events, the more the credibility of the writing declines.

2. The very first copies of any gospels may indeed have been produced as early as say 70AD, but may have been commissioned either by a single private rich individual, or by one small group of two or three church leaders, who had no particular intention or desire to distribute the copies for wider reading, and certainly not amongst a growing number of ordinary of Christian followers who almost certainly could not read a single word of any of it anyway.

3. Where were the first gospels written anyway? Was it anywhere near Judea? Or were they first produced in far distant lands such as Rome, Alexandria, Syria, elsewhere?




I don't know exactly how certain any of the information about the Diatessaron is but if the 160 AD is roughly correct, it is reasonable to assume that the Gospels had been circulating for awhile before somebody would have deemed it worthwhile to create a harmonization of them.



Well that's precisely the problem with anyone trying to make any deductions, theories or explanations based on using specific dates, such as the dating of g-Mark as c.70AD, and then trying to build from that arguments which say something like "since Mark was known by 70AD, therefore X, Y and Z would have heard about it before the end of the 1st century, and hence A,B and C would have probably happened, and .... etc etc".

That sort of argument, which fills most of these HJ threads, is likely to be hopelessly wrong and completely misleading, if in fact those early gospel dates are wrong by even a few decades.
 
I just found this article on Mark when I was looking around for information about what the latest possible date for Mark might be:

http://www.michaelturton.com/Mark/GMark_intro.html

I liked this guy's approach quite a bit and maybe somebody reading this thread might enjoy it as well.

On the issue that I was interested in, the latest possible date for Mark, he throws out the possibility that the author of Mark might have been referencing the destruction of Jerusalem in 130AD as opposed to the 65AD destruction that is generally assumed. I had wondered about this possibility but this is the first time I have seen a mention of it in an article written by what seems like a credible individual on this.

I think, the bottom line of the article on the issue of the date for Mark is that nobody knows. Not a very interesting answer, but an honest one.

Thanks for that, davefoc.
From the linked article
the Greek text of Mark is a reconstruction that scholars put together by viewing many different manuscripts of the Gospel, as well as the writings of scholars and commentators of antiquity, and evolving criteria to determine which reading is best. In other words, the Greek text of the Gospel of Mark is not found in any single manuscript from antiquity, and some of its readings still divide scholars. For a good survey of the issues involved in reconstructing the text of the New Testament, see Bruce Metzger's The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration.

Is the hilited bit a peculiarity of Mark, or is it a general characteristic of texts from the Roman Empire?
 
...

That sort of argument, which fills most of these HJ threads, is likely to be hopelessly wrong and completely misleading, if in fact those early gospel dates are wrong by even a few decades.

I don't follow this. If the Diatessaron was written about 160 AD and it is what it is believed to be, a harmonization of the four Gospels that made it into the NT, the the four Gospels existed before that date.

Is your point that the Diatessaron may not have been written in 160 AD? OK, but that doesn't make the statement wrong it just invalidates the use of the Diatessaron as evidence for the Gospels before 160 AD.

I tried to run down how reliable the Diatessaron date was before I made the post about it, but I didn't succeed. Do you have an idea that it was written later than the generally accepted date? Even without that evidence it looks like that available evidence suggests that the latest date for the creation of at least one of the Gospels might be around 130 AD. There is, at least, the mention by Papias in the list that Kapyong provided and Marcion's writings which are dated to between 130 and 140 on the Early Christian Writing site. Also Marcion was expelled from the Catholic church for heresy in 144 and presumably his writings were complete by then.
 

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