The reef-building coral Acropora millepora does not have a lot on its mind. In fact, it doesn't have a mind at all. The invertebrate has only a diffuse net of nerve cells, one of the simplest nervous systems of any animal. Thus, it shocked Australian geneticist David Miller to find that the coral's DNA contains genetic sequences corresponding to genes that guide the patterning of the incredibly complex human nervous system. Worms and flies don't have these genes, so he and other researchers had taken it for granted that the genes were relatively recent innovations that had evolved in vertebrates.
The nervous system genes are among a surprisingly large number of genes shared by vertebrates and A. millepora, but not by the worm Caenorhabditis elegans or the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, Miller and his colleagues have found. This discovery demands rethinking of the common ancestor of corals and all other animals, the researchers say in the Dec. 16, 2003 Current Biology.
Despite the presumed physical simplicity of this ancestor, "it must have contained many more genes than we had previously assumed," says Miller, who works at James Cook University in Townsville, Australia.
Evolutionary biologist John Finnerty of Boston University agrees. The ancestor must have exhibited "a stunning degree of genetic complexity. … It is extremely important to reconstruct the genome of this ancestor, since it gave rise to almost all of modern-day animals," he says.