Story on the meaning of life

psp02ls

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I've just finished writing a story on the meaning of life and thought it might be appreciated here. I am a former parapsychologist who quit after finding out that there really isn't anything out there paranormal! Sorry Randi, I should've listened earlier. :)

The URL for the story is on my profile (since I can't post urls yet).

Louie
 
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I rather enjoyed that and I basically agree with you - basically using broad naturalistic nihilism to morally justify my own brand of comfy laziness. Well done!
 
Thanks for that. Better lazy than spend a lifetime conducting research into something that doesn't exist! ;)
 
[curmudgeon]
What happens when some character imposes their own unhappiness on you?

The same physical survival mechanisms can impose unhappiness, even when we don't want it!

Accepting that happiness is the only good, might we not be compelled to create a world in which every person does get a chance to enjoy their own bit of happiness? If your family unit makes you happy, may you not get into a situation where you feel compelled to do unhappy things defending them to regain happiness?

Those social/survival things are physical impulses. Your personal happiness is as much, or more, of an illusion than any other purpose you can outline...

:(

On another note, will the sun overtake the earth in only 6.5 million years? ;)
[/curmudgeon]

BTW, just to be clear, I quite liked it!
 
Thanks for your comments. It's interesting to hear anything you have to say.

What happens when some character imposes their own unhappiness on you?
The same physical survival mechanisms can impose unhappiness, even when we don't want it!

I guess the idea is to try and not let people impose their unhappiness on you. If they do, you should try and resist. I agree that it's possible that your physical makeup can cause unhappiness (like cancer) but that's just life.

Accepting that happiness is the only good, might we not be compelled to create a world in which every person does get a chance to enjoy their own bit of happiness?

No, I disagree with you there. I used to be an idealist. A secular humanist. Someone who cares, but I think that what you're describing is utopia and something that really cannot be created by our species. Who determines what happiness for everyone is anyway? I don't care much for the current trend of worshipping celebrities or the inane things people fill their time with. I don't want anybody to sacrifice their life for my own. People are different. Working together for a common good just isn't realistic.

If your family unit makes you happy, may you not get into a situation where you feel compelled to do unhappy things defending them to regain happiness?

If you are so compelled, then perhaps.

Those social/survival things are physical impulses. Your personal happiness is as much, or more, of an illusion than any other purpose you can outline...

It is an illusion, as consciousness itself is an illusion. But it is the facet of your life which directly impacts how you feel, so you might as well try and feel happy.

On another note, will the sun overtake the earth in only 6.5 million years? ;)

Any corrections gratefully received. :)
 
Any corrections gratefully received. :)
General concensus on the timescale for the sun engulfing the earth is around 5 billion years. However, according to wikipedia:
While it is likely that the expansion of the outer layers of the Sun will reach the current position of Earth's orbit, recent research suggests that mass lost from the Sun earlier in its red giant phase will cause the Earth's orbit to move further out, preventing it from being engulfed
Nothing's ever simple is it!:)

I enjoyed the article as well btw - thanks for posting it.
 
I liked your article too. It was very thoughtfully written and your ideas are expressed in interesting visuals. It sure made me think of what makes me the happiest, which I'm sure was your goal. Thanks for sharing your work.
 
woah, that was a very interesting piece of work, it held my attention until the end, I just couldn't stop reading, amazing, good work, and I agree with you on about every word you said,

Thank you
 
Thanks again for the comments. It's nice to think that some people are reading it, since I spent so long writing the thing and that some agree too!
 
I admire you deeply for trying to help other people achieve what you consider to be the ultimate good. Having said that, let me explain why I have to respectfully disagree.

First, if I extend the ideas that I understood you to express, I come up with the following scenario. Every second that you are not happy is time wasted, and tasks of living generally interfere with the constancy of happiness. Furthermore, it doesn't matter what you do in life, because you'll die, anyway. Therefore, the ultimate way of ensuring my happiness would be to take as many drugs as I currently have money for, and then kill myself when the drugs are close to running out. If I have misinterpreted, then please explain to me why I shouldn't do this if I start to completely believe your philosophy.

My second point is - you seem to be saying that the difference between one state and another doesn't matter, improvement or destruction doesn't matter, because eventually it'll all be destroyed. And yet I, the organism currently typing, am materially affected by changes in the world around me. I think that you would agree that it's easier to be happy when one is living an affluent, secure life, rather than a war-torn, poverty-stricken one. Therefore, anything that I do that increases my chances of continuing to live the former, instead of being forced to live in the latter, ultimately impacts my life, and my happiness. If I pick my every action with the question in mind "Is it making me happy now?" I won't choose the same actions as I would if with my every action, I strived to answer the question "How can I make the world better?" Which course of action would ultimately lead to more happiness is impossible to say. But I like the freedom of sometimes choosing to answer one question, sometimes another, sometimes yet a third one, or several questions together. It seems to me confining to strive for happiness alone.
 
Avita,

Welcome to the forum. You've nicely expressed some of the difficulties I had with the article. Some good stuff in theretoo, especially at the beginning but ultimately not the interpretation I have of things.
 
To Blue_Eastcoat: Glad you've gone back and read it again. I do that fairly often.

To Avita: Thanks for your response. Firstly you wrote:

I admire you deeply for trying to help other people achieve what you consider to be the ultimate good.
I am not looking for admiration, nor is the story intended to help anyone. It is the culmination of many many years of thinking about the meaning of life. My career as a parapsychologist was going very well (I even met Randi a few years ago for a TV show that we did) and then I finally realised the implications of the most important facts I know. I once found it put very succinctly in the middle of an encyclopedia: (to paraphrase) No species lasts forever and one day the universe will die.

Every second that you are not happy is time wasted, and tasks of living generally interfere with the constancy of happiness. Furthermore, it doesn't matter what you do in life, because you'll die, anyway. Therefore, the ultimate way of ensuring my happiness would be to take as many drugs as I currently have money for, and then kill myself when the drugs are close to running out. If I have misinterpreted, then please explain to me why I shouldn't do this if I start to completely believe your philosophy.

I think that I express this pretty clearly in the story. It doesn't matter what you do in life. Imagine you were Hitler. You brought the world to war and led to the deaths of millions of people. Then you die. That's it. No heaven, no Hell. No punishment. No retribution. Your consciousness died and you are no more. There is no coming back. Now you might say Hitler was an evil man, who really influenced history. But that is because your perspective is very limited. If you stand back and move forward in time, your importance diminishes. One day Hitler will forgotten as many humans have been forgotten. One day there will be know human species. Only human ego makes us think we're important. I do not think I am important (or that there is a grand scheme). I merely try to be happy in whatever ways I can. Take drugs if you want. Again I explain in my story that happiness is endorphin release which is akin to being a drug user, anyway. Take heroin if you like. I don't really care what happens to you. I'm too busy caring for myself and my loved ones. Don't kill yourself though. You'll be dead soon enough. Imagine you were diagnosed with a terminal illness. Would you just get a big pile of drugs and sit comatose waiting for the end, or would you make the most of your time? Have sex, explore the world, make friends? Well, the human condition is a terminal illness. You will die. So choose to do with it what you wish.

To deal with your second point then.

I think that you would agree that it's easier to be happy when one is living an affluent, secure life, rather than a war-torn, poverty-stricken one

Again we are dealing with narrow perspectives. You think that I want what you have. Affluence is not happiness. I have no desire for money. I have no desire to own things.I have no desire to eat myself to death. I don't like modern culture very much. The cult of the celebrity. The innane things people fill there lives with. If you want to be a film star, good for you. If you want to be Tom Cruise and believe you're the best thing since sliced bread and believe in Ron Hubbard's musings, fine. But I have no real interest in the things men do. It does not impress me much. I am after a very simple existence. One where I have a family and love.

Avita, you are an idealist. I am a realist. I do not believe that humans can work together to make the world a better place. People are selfish. We don't want to pay more taxes. We don't want to pay more for goods. Ultimately we don't want to die. But death and taxes eh! Who wants to make the world better? What is better? Who are you to dictate what better is? Is our existence really so much better than prehistoric man would have lived? I often think we are a mad species, that have climbed right up our own arses, because we think we're so special. Well Darwin, Einstein and many others have shown us that we are not special. So get over it and enjoy living.

My job is not to convince you that you are special or back up your beliefs. I enjoy engaging in discourse though.
;)
 
To Beth: Thank you.

To Psp02ls:

I am not looking for admiration, nor is the story intended to help anyone.

Then may I ask what your purpose was in having it seen by other people, rather than letting it linger on your hard drive?

Now you might say Hitler was an evil man, who really influenced history.

Actually, I couldn't care less whether he influenced history or didn't influence it. To me, the importance of Hitler is that he made many people miserable at a particular point in time. Prevented them from being happy by separating them from their families, to put it in your terms. I am an atheist, and agree with you that there is no retribution, no heaven or hell, and ultimately, everyone will die and not linger on in any way, shape, or form, and I find nothing upsetting about that. The difference between us is that to you, meaning must be eternal to be "real." I think that if something is meaningful at a particular point in time, it is meaningful then. What went on doesn't change whether the meaningfulness increases or decreases later.

I merely try to be happy in whatever ways I can. Take drugs if you want. Again I explain in my story that happiness is endorphin release which is akin to being a drug user, anyway. Take heroin if you like. I don't really care what happens to you. I'm too busy caring for myself and my loved ones. Don't kill yourself though. You'll be dead soon enough.

I'm having difficulty reconciling the two main points of your message - happiness and eventual death of everything. If everything will eventually die, then what does it matter whether you were happy or not during your life? Once you're dead, you won't care. So why shouldn't I kill myself sooner rather than later? It will make absolutely no difference to anyone in the long term. And if happiness is the ultimate good, and worth postponing death for, then why should I even care that the universe will eventually die? It will make no difference to my happiness, since my death will come much sooner than the universe's.

Imagine you were diagnosed with a terminal illness. Would you just get a big pile of drugs and sit comatose waiting for the end, or would you make the most of your time? Have sex, explore the world, make friends? Well, the human condition is a terminal illness. You will die. So choose to do with it what you wish.

You seem to be assuming that absolutely no one would pick the first choice. Unfortunately, history has shown time and again that the first choice does happen. Similarly, in your story, you give the thought experiment of a dying doctor being given the choice to either have helped as many people as possible, or to have been happy and loved, and you seem to assume that there is no one who wouldn't pick the second. Yet there are such people, because "family" and "love" do not come wrapped in "be happy" gas to the exclusion of any other emotion. It's perfectly possible to be very much loved, to know that you are loved, to be happy that you are loved, and yet be miserable at the same time because of other factors.

You think that I want what you have. Affluence is not happiness. I have no desire for money. I have no desire to own things.I have no desire to eat myself to death. I don't like modern culture very much. The cult of the celebrity. The innane things people fill there lives with. If you want to be a film star, good for you. If you want to be Tom Cruise and believe you're the best thing since sliced bread and believe in Ron Hubbard's musings, fine. But I have no real interest in the things men do. It does not impress me much. I am after a very simple existence. One where I have a family and love.

Now who's assuming? Let me assure you that in my own life, I have experienced both poverty and affluence, and know perfectly well that happiness does not correlate with one's wealth. Nor am I particularly interested in the values espoused by the modern American culture. But if, for you, all that's necessary for happiness is family and love, anything that affects your chances of losing your family and their love is a danger, and, I think, probably quite unwanted. Therefore, I think that I am not too off the mark when I say that there must be some things that you want simply because they ensure your continued security. For example, if you were forced to work 18-hour days due to poverty, you would not be able to see very much of your family.

Avita, you are an idealist. I am a realist.

:p I would say quite the reverse (see below).

I do not believe that humans can work together to make the world a better place. People are selfish. We don't want to pay more taxes. We don't want to pay more for goods.

And yet we are working together, for good or ill, and most of us pay taxes, and most of us accept inflation as a necessary evil. If we all truly and honestly don't want those things, then why are they happening? This is one of the reasons I think you're being a trifle idealistic.

Who wants to make the world better? What is better? Who are you to dictate what better is? Is our existence really so much better than prehistoric man would have lived?

I'm nobody to dictate anything to anyone. But if you were to ask me whether our existence is better than prehistoric people's, I would answer with a resounding YES. "So much better"? That's rather loaded, and I'm choosing not to answer that, because I'm not sure what you're asking me. My life is particularly better than a prehistoric woman's, for example. For one, I have a much longer life expectancy, and since according to you, I should want to live longer, I can definitely say that it's better that I have a longer life-span. I have other, more personal criteria, and I know that not everyone shares those criteria, which I don't mind. I do reserve the right to protest when other people try to impose their criteria on me, and I believe that everyone else has the right to protest if ever I try to impose my criteria on them. I'm lucky to be living in a time when a large proportion of the people around me do not try to impose their will on me. What makes you say that there is no difference between your existence and the existence of people from other times and cultures? Would you honestly be just as happy if you were oppressed?

I often think we are a mad species, that have climbed right up our own arses, because we think we're so special. Well Darwin, Einstein and many others have shown us that we are not special. So get over it and enjoy living.

Again, you are assuming that I can't enjoy living because I am somehow assuming that I am special. And yet, to me, of the two of us, you seem to be the one who would be unable to enjoy life. After all, your definition of an enjoyable life has to include happiness. Mine just has to include a relative lack of pain, which is a broader and more achievable criterion. Also, it seems to me that as you are living your life, you are focusing greatly on what will happen in the future, and comparing your current life to that, and consequently, feeling somewhat disappointed in how small your life is compared to the rest of the universe. (I know I'm assuming a lot, here, too, and I don't mean to offend you with those assumptions, but these are my current impressions of you. I'm quite open to being corrected.) I, on the other hand, don't do much comparing, because I am more present-oriented (more narrow-minded, if you like), and therefore, my disappointments hinge on different criteria. Looking over my life, I can honestly say that on the whole, my satisfactions far outweigh my disappointments, despite the fact that I have rarely been blindingly happy.

I enjoy engaging in discourse though.
;)

Me too, and I am very interested in your reply.
 
Now you might say Hitler was an evil man, who really influenced history. But that is because your perspective is very limited. If you stand back and move forward in time, your importance diminishes. One day Hitler will forgotten as many humans have been forgotten.

Take heroin if you like. Don't kill yourself though. You'll be dead soon enough.

I don't like modern culture very much. The cult of the celebrity.

I do not believe that humans can work together to make the world a better place. People are selfish. We don't want to pay more taxes.
;)

I appreciate your willingness to have your thoughts examined by others. I scarcely know where to begin, though.:rolleyes:

Hitler does matter. Hitler will matter today, tomorrow, and ten million years from now (especially if we're not around in ten million years). Even if you set aside the morality of what he did, Hitler eliminated lives that could have changed the human condition you so lament. By killing people that might have added countless benefits to human existence, and removing not only them, but their offspring, Hitler matters for all time. If only for his influence on the human gene pool, Hitler matters. There really are repercussions to what people do in the real world.

"Take Heroin if you like. Don't kill yourself, though. You'll be dead soon enough."

What? If you don't care what people do, why would you care if they kill themselves? Killing themselves early, instead of waiting around for nature to take its course, should be a prime example of someone living life on their own terms. Sorry, but this statement is silly, if you really believe the things you say.

"I don't like modern culture very much. The cult of the celebrity."

Why do you care? If folks choose to live their lives in a star-struck haze, obsessed with what third-world infant will soon be exposed to Jessica Simpson's inanity, that's a free choice they're making. They're taking your advice, and living their lives as they see fit. Not only should you not care, you are in no position to criticize anyone who makes contrary choices to your taste, considering that nothing really matters to you except the individual and and what he does.

"I do not believe that humans can work together to make the world a better place. People are selfish. We don't want to pay more taxes."

Insistence on lower taxation and greater fiscal responsibility is a sign of intelligence, not selfishness. Please don't equate higher taxes with altruism. It's demonstrable nonsense.

The same disgust for the moral qualities and capabilities of mankind is used by CTers and other paranormalists to underpin their beliefs, too. Mankind is not always wicked at heart. Quitting on mankind is not only a very foolish, very short-sighted thing to do - it's indefensible in the light of observation. In the last century, mankind killed more of his fellows than at any other time in human history. He almost nuked the planet on a few occasions, and found imaginative and interesting ways to distribute all kinds of evil.

He also set foot on the moon - a place once shrouded in myth and legend. He became capable of curing diseases once thought intractable. He viewed galaxies outside his own, and preserved democracy against the best efforts of forces set upon it destruction. Mankind proved itself to be magnificent, both in his capacity for evil and good.

Nihilism should not be confused with realism. I don't understand why folks equate the two, or see them as at all compatible. Feel free to bail out if you wish, but giving up on humanity and its possibilities for the future makes me hope you don't vote.
 
To Avita:

Then may I ask what your purpose was in having it seen by other people, rather than letting it linger on your hard drive?

Why not? It took nearly a year to finish the thing. I was curious in people's reactions.

The difference between us is that to you, meaning must be eternal to be "real." I think that if something is meaningful at a particular point in time, it is meaningful then. What went on doesn't change whether the meaningfulness increases or decreases later.

I think you misunderstand my perspective a little. I am irreverent to almost everything. Even love is ultimately pointless. Your very consciousness is an illusion handed to you by the combined functioning of your brain cells. I am not looking for meaning, since there isn't really any. There is only an understanding of my place in the universe and the ability to choose how I spend my limited time alive.

If everything will eventually die, then what does it matter whether you were happy or not during your life? Once you're dead, you won't care.

Again, I think I explain this quite clearly in the story. It DOESN'T matter what you do. Go and be a junkie. Go and murder people. I don't care and it makes no difference to anything (except your own personal happiness). People ARE junkies. People are murderers. The world doesn't stop turning.

So why shouldn't I kill myself sooner rather than later?

If that's what you want, do it. It makes no difference to me. If you don't you may be able to have more fun times. But who cares? Not me. Maybe your loved ones. I'm sure you don't claim to care about every human on the planet? You can't know every one and you can't love everyone. So you're selective about what you care about. Killing yourself is the easy choice because once you're dead there are no more choices. We will all be dead soon enough.

You seem to be assuming that absolutely no one would pick the first choice.

Not at all. Obviously many people are happy choosing the first choice and I don't blame them. Why bother with people, when you can remove all the difficult relationships and go straight to personal happiness. Bit boring though. My point is that both choices and pretty much indistinguishable. That we think that we're not suffering from a terminal illness but we ARE.

Yet there are such people, because "family" and "love" do not come wrapped in "be happy" gas to the exclusion of any other emotion. It's perfectly possible to be very much loved, to know that you are loved, to be happy that you are loved, and yet be miserable at the same time because of other factors.

I agree that there are people who choose their work over other things and that people can be unhappy whilst being loved. The point being is that if you're not happy, change your situation. If you hate your job, leave. If you hate your family, leave. You only have one life, so make the most of it.

And yet we are working together, for good or ill, and most of us pay taxes, and most of us accept inflation as a necessary evil. If we all truly and honestly don't want those things, then why are they happening? This is one of the reasons I think you're being a trifle idealistic.

I'm not being idealistic. I don't care what the rest of the human race do. I'm trying to illustrate that just because we are born into a world of norms and rules, doesn't mean they are based on anything real. I would say on a global level, are people really working together? Or is poverty, war and disease, a sign that we only really care about ourselves?

You say your life is better than a prehistoric woman's, but I can imagine that many humans have been happy over the last few thousand years. The modern age did not invent happiness. And yes, you might live longer. But what if you're in Africa or China, you may not be living the western dream.

I do not think I am special. I am not disappointed with anything. I am happy to be alive. I get frustrated with other human beings. The way they idolise themselves. Worship themselves. People think that they are very interesting. That others should listen to every musing that they make. People are not that interesting. I try not to have an ego. I wrote my story for myself because I have long thought about what the purpose of the universe is. I used to go to church and listen to stories about God and Jesus. Now how many millions around the globe, feed themselves with purpose through believing in those man made entities? I aim for nothing (except to be happy in myself through whatever means I can). You say I am focusing too much on the future. But I could be run over tomorrow. I could be diagnosed with cancer tomorrow. We may all think that we have plenty of time to do the things we want, but we don't. Death comes soon enough.

SO enjoy life however you can.
 
To Westphalia:

Hitler matters for all time

Really?

What about Ghengis Kahn? Do you feel the same way about him? What about Jack the ripper (known only through his deeds)? What about George Bush? He's killed lots of people (indirectly). People don't matter really. Actions may be remembered for a time, but take the great library at Alexandria. Most of the knowledge and stories that were in that library are lost to history. So what point collecting them, writing them down, studying them? One day all knowledge and all facts will be gone.


What? If you don't care what people do, why would you care if they kill themselves?

I don't care. It's merely a statement of fact. Like don't stick in ear canal. I don't care if you do or don't, I was just making the observation that if you don't kill yourself you might live longer (stating the bleeding obvious!).

Why do you care? If folks choose to live their lives in a star-struck haze, obsessed with what third-world infant will soon be exposed to Jessica Simpson's inanity, that's a free choice they're making.

I don't care. Again, merely a statement.

Insistence on lower taxation and greater fiscal responsibility is a sign of intelligence, not selfishness. Please don't equate higher taxes with altruism. It's demonstrable nonsense.

Is it now? In the UK where I live, the left want higher taxes to pay for social reforms (state funded schools and hospitals, where the right want lower taxes (because they can afford to treat their illnesses and educate their children) so why should they pay for the poor who can't? If you want to work longer hours, earn more, pay more taxes to help provide for those who can't or won't, I consider that an altruistic act.

Mankind is not always wicked at heart. Quitting on mankind is not only a very foolish, very short-sighted thing to do.

Wow, you really do think humans are special, don't you? Have you read my story? So you don't think that we are animals? You think consciousness gives us something mystical. Some kind of power of responsibility?

Mankind proved itself to be magnificent.

What you call magnificent, I can an ape suffering from ego inflation.


Feel free to bail out if you wish,
Thanks for the permission.

but giving up on humanity and its possibilities for the future makes me hope you don't vote.

Because voting for things can really change the world (I am being sarcastic)!

;)
 
To Westphalia:
PHP:
What about Ghengis Kahn? Do you feel the same way about him? What about Jack the ripper (known only through his deeds)? What about George Bush? He's killed lots of people (indirectly). People don't matter really.

Yes, they do, and you've provided some excellent examples of folks who have mattered in the past, continue to matter today, and will matter ten million years from now. (As an amateur "Ripperologist," I have a stake in believing that Jack matters, though I believe I could defend his timeless importance with only a modicum of difficulty.:)) Much of your philisophical argument, however confused, would not have occurred to you without Genghis' empire facilitating East-West discourse.

PHP:
"Actions may be remembered for a time, but take the great library at Alexandria. Most of the knowledge and stories that were in that library are lost to history. So what point collecting them, writing them down, studying them? One day all knowledge and all facts will be gone."

You don't know that all knowledge one day will disappear. Are you a psychic? Who told you what humanity's outcome will be? We have millions of years to figure out a way to leave this planet before it is engulfed, and there is every possibility that humanity will survive the sun burning out. Honestly, this is a really silly view.

PHP:
"I don't care. It's merely a statement of fact. Like don't stick in ear canal. I don't care if you do or don't, I was just making the observation that if you don't kill yourself you might live longer (stating the bleeding obvious!)."

No, you didn't make a statement of fact. You gave a moral instruction. You said we shouldn't kill ourselves, because we'll die eventually. You also said folks should live their lives as they see fit. If you can't see the contradiction, re-read your post, please. Then repeat.

PHP:
"If you want to work longer hours, earn more, pay more taxes to help provide for those who can't or won't, I consider that an altruistic act."

You live in the UK, which is a different brand of democracy than what we have in the US. Paying higher taxes is not the only way, and certainly not the best way, to provide for the poor. The object is not to provide for the poor, but to give a poor man every opportunity to provide for himself. Higher taxes do not equal higher morality. The US has spent trillions of dollars, beginning with the Great Society programs of the 1960s, all in an effort to destroy poverty. Taxes as a percentage of income are far higher now, and poverty is not only still with us - it is spreading, and the social repercussions have been devastating. But social engineers and income redistributionists are probably right - that next trillion will make a big difference. Puh-leese.:rolleyes:

(To our friends in the UK, please note I am not judging your democracy, or its efficacy. I like your country very much, and spend as much time and money there as possible.:))

PHP:
"Wow, you really do think humans are special, don't you? Have you read my story? So you don't think that we are animals? You think consciousness gives us something mystical. Some kind of power of responsibility? "

I do think humans are special, because humans are demonstrably special and unique. Apes cannot do many things humans can do. Humans share most of a chimpanzee's genetic profile, but are very different, and have totally different capabilities. Ma'am, if you can't see that, you're being wilfully obtuse in the interest of furthering your argument.

And please don't attribute my belief in humanity's potential upside to mysticism. I won't insult you, if you don't insult me.
 
I've had no sleep for two days, and I blew the quotes on the post above. I'm sorry, sorry, sorry. Dumb, dumb, dumb.
 

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