Six Reason to Question Vaccinations

The problem with this analysis is you fail to consider the weight of those potential consequences of disease when you construct your rationale.

If your child had a 0.2% annual or even lifetime risk of dying from an infection and you could prevent it with a vaccine that carried a 0.00002% risk of death*, not many parents are going to say, well, 0.2% risk is pretty low, guess I'll take my chances. When the consequences are so devastating, 'rare' becomes proportionately less relevant.



*The actual vaccine risks are lower but I'll use that figure to avoid the argument of fear-mongering.

But apparently some parents do (mistakenly) think that their children getting measles is better (more "natural";)) than having them vaccinated.

While you and I may think that choice is irrational given the safety of vaccination vs. contracting measles, the absolute danger to their children is still very low.

I think parents should be strongly encouraged to have their children vaccinated based on rational arguments (vaccine safety, public health benefits, no or few symptoms, etc.), not coerced and threatened with sanctions, or made to think the diseases are likely to be more dangerous than they are if their children do get them.
 
What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devestated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?...
According to the CDC's ACIP recommendations on hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis A is not as benign in children as you claim.
In children aged <6 years, 70% of infections are asymptomatic; if illness does occur, it is typically not accompanied by jaundice (7). Among older children and adults, infection typically is symptomatic, with jaundice occurring in >70% of patients (8). Signs and symptoms typically last <2 months, although 10%--15% of symptomatic persons have prolonged or relapsing disease lasting up to 6 months (9). The overall case-fatality ratio among cases reported through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System is approximately 0.3%--0.6% but reaches 1.8% among adults aged >50 years; persons with chronic liver disease are at increased risk for acute liver failure (5,10--15).

Adults, of course can die from this disease.
Each year in the United States, an estimated 100 persons died as a result of acute liver failure attributed to hepatitis A.

The costs associated with hepatitis A are substantial. Surveillance data indicate that 11%--22% of persons with hepatitis A are hospitalized (3). The average duration of work loss for adults who become ill has been estimated at 15.5 days for nonhospitalized patients and 33.2 days for hospitalized patients (46). Estimates of the annual direct and indirect costs of hepatitis A in the United States have ranged from $300 million to $488.8 million in 1997 dollars (3,46). A recent Markov model analysis estimated economic costs of $133.5 million during the lifetime of a single age cohort of children born in 2005, in the absence of vaccination (CDC, unpublished data, 2005).


But keep in mind, just because adults are at greater risk than children for serious infection, we get higher rates of coverage if we vaccinate them as children. And children often have a better response to some vaccines than if we wait and vaccinate them at older ages, (though this is not as important with hep A vaccine).

Then there is the issue of shear volume of cases. A low incidence of complications can still be high in a population with a high incidence of infection. If you have a child with an unrecognized liver abnormality, even 30% risk of symptomatic disease has the potential tpo harm some young children.
Variation by Age, Race/Ethnicity, and Region. During the prevaccine era, the reported incidence of hepatitis A was highest among children aged 5--14 years, with approximately one third of reported cases involving children aged <15 years (Figure 1) (5). Because young children frequently have unrecognized or asymptomatic infection, a relatively smaller proportion of infections among children than adults are detected by routine disease surveillance. Incidence models indicate that during 1980--1999, the majority of HAV infections occurred among children aged <10 years, and the highest incidence was among those aged 0--4 years (1). Before the use of hepatitis A vaccine, rates among American Indians and Alaska Natives were more than five times higher than rates in other racial/ethnic populations, and rates among Hispanics were approximately three times higher than rates among non-Hispanics (Figure 2) (5,47--49).

And of course there is always the issue of what we may not know. Aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis: report of two fatal cases and literature review.
Within recent years the combination of aplastic anemia following viral hepatitis has been reported with increasing frequency suggesting the existence of a causal relationship between the two conditions. Two case histories of aplastic anemia following hepatitis are presented in detail, and the information on 193 such patients reported in the literature through 1972 is summarized. A number of parameters were evaluated and extensive cross correlation carried out in order to define criteria which might have diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic value. Males were more likely to develop bone marrow failure following hepatitis (p congruent to 0.05), but females were less likely to survive the marrow depression (p smaller than 0.025). No other statistically identifiable criteria were detected. The hematologic changes commonly encountered in hepatitis are reviewed. These and other observations support the concept that subclinical hepatitis may be responsible for a significant percentage of so-called idiopathic aplastic anemia, for which, at present, no etiology can be determined in nearly half the cases. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed as they might relate to chromosomal abnormalities which were found in one of our patients. It is suggested that occasional fortuitious human infection with animal viruses known to be both hepato- and myelotoxic could relate the hepatitis and aplasia.



If there are no reasons not to vaccinate, there are benefits even in children in terms of symptomatic disease reduction, (as much as 30% of very young children and 70% of older children are symptomatic with hepatitis A infection), I think it is grossly oversimplified and simply wrong to make the claim only adults benefit from hepatitis A infection.

And if you kill the parent because you didn't prevent hepatitis A in the child, tell me that doesn't harm that child.
 
It says hepA in little kids is usually completely asymptomatic.
How is that dangerous enough to warrant mandatory vaccination?

Can this question be answered?

me said:
What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devastated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?...

One out of three of "us" has probably already had HepA and never even knew what it was according to serosurveys.

skeptigirl said:
And if you kill the parent because you didn't prevent hepatitis A in the child, tell me that doesn't harm that child.

And what are the chances of that???
Seriously?
What are my chances of being killed by my non-hepA vaccinated toddler?

Considering that my liver works well, it's one in ____?

What's the average parent's risk of death from catching hepA from their toddler?

Why can't adults who are worried about HepA vaccinate themselves?

skeptigirl said:
And children often have a better response to some vaccines than if we wait and vaccinate them at older ages, (though this is not as important with hep A vaccine).

"Not as important" or "not the case at all"?
 
It says hepA in little kids is usually completely asymptomatic.
How is that dangerous enough to warrant mandatory vaccination?

Can this question be answered?



One out of three of "us" has probably already had HepA and never even knew what it was according to serosurveys.



And what are the chances of that???
Seriously?
What are my chances of being killed by my non-hepA vaccinated toddler?

Considering that my liver works well, it's one in ____?

What's the average parent's risk of death from catching hepA from their toddler?

Why can't adults who are worried about HepA vaccinate themselves?



"Not as important" or "not the case at all"?
You just ignored everything I posted. Let me summarize it for you and/or highlight the key points.

30% of young children and 70% of older children are not "asymptomatic". That can mean time lost from school and sometimes income loss for the parent who has to stay home to care for the ill child. You are never jaundiced and feel well at the same time. Ask anyone who has had jaundice. Your body is full of toxins that should have been excreted.

The child you vaccinate is also protected later in his/her life so vaccinating kids is not solely for the benefit of not transmitting the infection to adults.

The illness has more costs than simply a head count of the dead.

Even if the "average parent's risk of death from catching hepA from their toddler" is low, the fact the consequence is so devastating makes the rate it is likely to occur moot. You and Ivor both now have tossed that risk factor around as if no one should bother preventing an easily preventable death if the numbers of deaths prevented are too low. That is compartmental thinking.

My odds of dying in a car accident are high. But not driving is nearly impossible. My odds of dying from hepatitis A may be low, but preventing it is easy, cheap, and readily available.

Did you bother wasting money on a smoke alarm or a battery for it? Isn't the risk of fire in your home relatively low? Why bother?
 
So I guess the answers to my question is "too low to calculate"?

This:

me said:
What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devastated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?...

Is too low to calculate...
and this:

me said:
What are my chances of being killed by my non-hepA vaccinated toddler?

Considering that my liver works well, it's one in ____?

Is also too low to calculate?


skeptigirl said:
Even if the "average parent's risk of death from catching hepA from their toddler" is low, the fact the consequence is so devastating makes the rate it is likely to occur moot.

Again...according to serosurveys...one out of three of us has already had hepA and never even knew it. Betwee me, you, and Ivor...one of us has probably somehow managed to ive through HepA without ever knowing it. Maybe we got sick for a while and maybe we didn't.
Either way, this really isn't something where the "devastating consequences" of any type seem terribly likely.

I'm just not seeing the case for compulsory vaccination here at all.
 
I don't get your point, kelly. If I listed the reasons to vaccinate children for hepatitis A, and it didn't include "devastation" why continue to dwell on that point? I didn't easily find the data and felt no reason to spend more time on it. It had nothing to do with too low to calculate. It had to do with the limitations of Internet data and Google's search engine. To search further would require more time. To spend more time would require a benefit.

You don't see a case because you are ignoring all the reasons except one. There were several I listed you have ignored.
 
Skeptigirl...
I was asking you to tell me the odds for what you claimed were the reason for mandatory vaccination. You said:

you said:
If you only count fatalities Hep A accounts for a small number every year. But if you consider other consequences such as 6 months off work recuperating, then hep A can be a devastating disease.

So I asked for the odds.

And then we get some goalpost switching, but that's ok.
And it's:

you said:
And if you kill the parent because you didn't prevent hepatitis A in the child, tell me that doesn't harm that child.
So I ask what the odds of THAT are.

This is a pretty pointless discussion, though.
 
Skeptigirl...
I was asking you to tell me the odds for what you claimed were the reason for mandatory vaccination. You said:

Originally Posted by you
If you only count fatalities Hep A accounts for a small number every year. But if you consider other consequences such as 6 months off work recuperating, then hep A can be a devastating disease.


So I asked for the odds.
Actually you asked, "What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devestated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?"

That has nothing to do with my statement that counting fatalities was not the only measure of infection risk. But since you put your question in this context, I did answer it. Somewhat less than 30% of young children but not zero and 70% of older children with an infection that is relatively common in some parts of the country will have at least jaundice. A person with jaundice feels very ill. A child with jaundice could not go to school and it would last one or more weeks if it was from hepatitis A.

You chose "devastated" as the level of disease hazard worth preventing. My whole point is there are other disease hazards well worth preventing.

And then we get some goalpost switching, but that's ok.
And it's:

Originally Posted by you
And if you kill the parent because you didn't prevent hepatitis A in the child, tell me that doesn't harm that child.


So I ask what the odds of THAT are.
What goal post switching? I answered it. The odds are extremely low but the consequences are so severe that even with low odds one would do a lot to prevent the occurence.

This is a pretty pointless discussion, though.
Yes, because you are cherry picking the arguments and pretending to be making points.
 
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skeptigirl said:
Actually you asked, "What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devestated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?"

That has nothing to do with my statement that counting fatalities was not the only measure of infection risk. But since you put your question in this context, I did answer it.
Ok...

Somewhat less than 30% of young children but not zero and 70% of older children with an infection that is relatively common in some parts of the country will have at least jaundice.

NO, that's not an answer to my question. First of all, simply being symptomatic isn't "devastating' by any normal definition of the word. Second of all, your apparently assuming a 100% rate of infection or something.

A person with jaundice feels very ill. A child with jaundice could not go to school and it would last one or more weeks if it was from hepatitis A.
Woah. A chance of missing a week of school???
That's real devastating sounding there.

You chose "devastated" as the level of disease hazard worth preventing
Actually, I was first looking for an estimate on chance of death. You're the one who brought "devastation" into the picture when you were unable to come up with odds of a risk of death.
 
...NO, that's not an answer to my question. First of all, simply being symptomatic isn't "devastating' by any normal definition of the word. Second of all, your apparently assuming a 100% rate of infection or something.

Woah. A chance of missing a week of school???
That's real devastating sounding there.

Actually, I was first looking for an estimate on chance of death. You're the one who brought "devastation" into the picture when you were unable to come up with odds of a risk of death.
I see that your misunderstanding began way back here:
Originally Posted by kellyb
All factors considered, (incidence, case/fatality, complications, etc) measles is probably the "deadliest" of the diseases we vaccinate for. The only situation in which one can say the individual benefit is definitely higher for the non-vaccinated is an unvaccinated individual in a community with a high level of immunity. What's a lot more complicated are diseases like Hepatitis A, (mandatory in many US states). HepA is usually completely asymptomatic in toddlers, but we vaccinate them to protect adults, since toddlers are considered the "spreaders". And HepA isn't even usually very serious in adults, either, unless you're in end-stage renal failure already when you catch it.


If you only count fatalities Hep A accounts for a small number every year. But if you consider other consequences such as 6 months off work recuperating, then hep A can be a devastating disease.
Nowhere in that statement did I say the disease was fatal in children. Nor did I say it was devastating directly to children. I did, however, give additional measures of morbidity besides a simple mortality count. And I have listed a number of reasons why vaccinating children for hepatitis A has a clear benefit.

Continuing the exchange in the next post,
kellyb said:
Originally Posted by skeptigirl
If you only count fatalities Hep A accounts for a small number every year. But if you consider other consequences such as 6 months off work recuperating, then hep A can be a devastating disease.


What are the chances that the toddler being vaccinated will be devestated by hepA, though? The chances are one in ____?

Your question is a non sequitur. The reasons I stated for vaccinating children against hep A do not include the toddler being "devastated" by the disease. I said the disease could be devastating, not that it would devastate toddlers who are the target of vaccination.

Despite your argument the vaccine offers no direct benefit to the vaccinated child, there are benefits you are ignoring. I will repeat them for the third time. Contrary to your confusion over my statement, the reasons do not include "devastating" disease in toddlers.

1) The vaccinated toddler is protected from a future risk to the toddler. You and Ivor have claimed we only vaccinate the children to protect the adults. We also vaccinate children at one age in order to protect them at another age. The kids are more available, there is additional benefits protecting others and most importantly, there is no reason not to.

2) Beginning at a young age, (the data noted 30% of very young children were symptomatic and that less than that had jaundice), children experience moderately severe disease in an increasing percentage, (again the data noted 70% of older children).

When I say severe, it is severe compared to a cold or other minor childhood infections. Jaundice represents severe liver impairment. So at a minimum you have some kids who are very ill during the acute phase. I'm sure a lot of people don't realize that given most people fully recover from hepatitis A. Also, once the liver recovers, the patient feels a lot better, but the jaundice takes a bit longer to resolve. So people may occasionally see a jaundiced child who doesn't appear very ill. They were.

3) With your sarcasm about the child missing a week of school due to hep A, you again overlook the whole picture and cherry pick a single and somewhat incorrect aspect of the harm. You minimized it to a single week when in reality some cases last much longer. Even when a child feels better, they may be excluded from school if they appear jaundiced. And missing school puts a hardship on many parents who have to miss work to stay home with the ill child. Staying home from school might not be serious. Missing a couple weeks of work to care for a sick child can be devastating to some families.

4) I also noted that for some kids, the adult they might infect with hep A could be someone in their own family. In fact, that is quite likely since household spread is common. So indirectly, if adults have a risk of serious disease from hep A, protecting the adult by vaccinating the child also protects the child's caregivers and significant others. That indirectly directly benefits the child you are vaccinating.

So if you only look at a single reason to vaccinate a child, preventing disease in that child during its childhood, you aren't evaluating the full risks and benefits of the decision to vaccinate someone.

Now, were I to take your approach, perhaps it would make the point more clear...

Woah! Vaccinating a child because it reduces disease in the community, what a concept! Giving a child a vaccine that is safe for a disease that doesn't kill children, what were we thinking? Preventing an economic burden from time lost from work by using a vaccine that, OMG, you inject into a child! How immoral!

But I won't. Instead I'll give you some actual data on the serious consequences in children that I went and dug up after all. In the next post. This one is too long already.
 
Liver Failure Attributable to Hepatitis A Virus Infection in a Developing Country
In contrast to adults, hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection in children is largely a subclinical event.1 However, in both children and adults, HAV may cause acute hepatic failure and death. Hepatitis A has been reported to be the causative agent in 1.5%-9% of all cases of fulminant hepatic failure.1-14 It has also been identified in approximately 10%-26% of pediatric patients with fulminant hepatic failure who undergo liver transplantation.1,10,15 In those areas of the developing world where hepatitis A is endemic and where liver transplantation is not available, even more patients will die from this preventable disease. This study was undertaken to characterize the significance and course of hepatitis A-related acute liver failure in children from an endemic area in a developing country.
But gee, that's a developing country. Surely it doesn't apply to a single child here. :rolleyes:

Emergency liver transplantation for fulminant liver failure in infants and children.
The main causes of liver failure were viral hepatitis (54.2%), drug-induced liver injury (14.2%) and Wilson's disease (11.4%). Children were considered as candidates for liver transplantation only if hepatic encephalopathy was associated with a decrease in the level of factor V to below 25%. Seven children (20%) did not meet this criterion and recovered spontaneously. Six children (17.1%) had contraindications for liver transplantation and died. In three of these six children, contraindications included irreversible brain damage at the time of admission. Twenty-two children (62.8%) met the criteria for liver transplantation and were placed on the emergency transplant list. Three of them died awaiting grafts. Nineteen children underwent liver transplantation; 13 of them (68.4%) are alive without sequelae, after 6 mo to 4 yr of follow-up, at this writing. Four of the children who died after surgery had severe encephalopathy on admission that did not improve after liver transplantation. In conclusion, emergency liver transplantation appears to be an effective treatment for children with fulminant liver failure. Nevertheless, irreversible brain damage developed in 10 patients, and they died before or after surgery.
Viral hepatitis, but it doesn't say A.

Etiology, outcome and prognostic indicators of childhood fulminant hepatic failure in the United kingdom.
SETTING: Liver Unit, Birmingham Children's Hospital, United Kingdom. RESULTS: Ninety-seven children (48 male, 49 female; median age, 27 months; range, 1 day-192.0 months) were identified with fulminant hepatic failure. The etiologies were: 22 metabolic, 53 infectious, 19 drug-induced, and 3 autoimmune hepatitis. The overall survival rate was 61%. 33% (32/97) recovered spontaneously with supportive management. Fifty-five children were assessed for liver transplantation. Four were unstable and were not listed for liver transplantation; 11 died while awaiting liver transplantation. Liver transplantation was contraindicated in 10 children. Of the 40 children who underwent liver transplantation, 27 survived. Children with autoimmune hepatitis, paracetamol overdose or hepatitis A were more likely to survive without liver transplantation.
There were at least some with hepatitis A. They were more likely to get by without a transplant. What with such mild disease, one wonders how they ended up in this discussion. :rolleyes:

In countries with extremely high rates of pediatric hep A, it makes sense that the more cases mean the more rare sequelae will emerge.

Our experience with fulminant hepatic failure in Turkish children: etiology and outcome.
Fulminant hepatic failure is a rare and devastating event during childhood. ... Thirty-four children with fulminant hepatic failure were analysed by means of etiology and outcome.... Acute viral hepatitis was detected in 12 cases (35.2 per cent) and hepatitis A was the most commonly detected cause among cases with fulminant hepatic failure (n = 9, 26.4 per cent). Hepatitis B and non A-E infection were diagnosed in two (5.8 per cent) and one (2.9 per cent) cases, respectively.


Yes, these cases are extremely rare. Care to give a reason why even though they are rare, vaccines aren't worth giving to prevent them?

Let me guess the first reason, you have to give hundreds of thousands of doses of hep A vaccine, maybe even millions to prevent a single case of pediatric fulminate hepatitis from hep A. But then there are those other benefits I posted above.

The cost of vaccinating millions to prevent rare fatalities is often taken into consideration by the ACIP when making a recommendation. Some people find that immoral and think if it saves one child we should spend the money and give the vaccine. I look at it as what else would you do with the resource if you didn't vaccinate? I think the ACIP is pretty reasonable when it comes to balancing the cost and benefit just as they are reasonable balancing the risk and benefit. Drug companies have their chance to pitch their product, but in the end, drug company profit is not something anyone on the ACIP would put into the equation. And the sources and rationale for the committee's decisions are very transparent.
 
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Risks:

http://www.livescience.com/environment/050106_odds_of_dying.html

The more specific figures are based on 2001, the most recent year for which complete data are available. Other odds, indicated with an asterisk (*) are based on long-term data.

All figures below are for U.S. residents.

Cause of Death / Lifetime Odds
Heart Disease / 1-in-5
Cancer / 1-in-7
Stroke / 1-in-23
Accidental Injury / 1-in-36
Motor Vehicle Accident* / 1-in-100
Intentional Self-harm (suicide) / 1-in-121
Falling Down / 1-in-246
Assault by Firearm / 1-in-325
Fire or Smoke / 1-in-1,116
Natural Forces (heat, cold, storms, quakes, etc.) / 1-in-3,357
Electrocution* / 1-in-5,000
Drowning / 1-in-8,942
Air Travel Accident* / 1-in-20,000
Flood* (included also in Natural Forces above) / 1-in-30,000
Legal Execution / 1-in-58,618
Tornado* (included also in Natural Forces above) / 1-in-60,000
Lightning Strike (included also in Natural Forces above) / 1-in-83,930
Snake, Bee or other Venomous Bite or Sting* / 1-in-100,000
Earthquake (included also in Natural Forces above) / 1-in-131,890
Dog Attack / 1-in-147,717
Asteroid Impact* / 1-in-200,000**
Tsunami* / 1-in-500,000
Fireworks Discharge / 1-in-615,488

** Perhaps 1-in-500,000

SOURCES: National Center for Health Statistics, CDC; American Cancer Society; National Safety Council; International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; World Health Organization; USGS; Clark Chapman, SwRI; David Morrison, NASA; Michael Paine, Planetary Society Australian Volunteers

I think the above list indicates how you could spend the money used on some vaccinations better. I particularly like the fact you're three times more likely to be killed by a gun in the US than measles.
 
I particularly like the fact you're three times more likely to be killed by a gun in the US than measles.
You can thank vaccines for that. And herd immunity protects those that would rather let their young flirt with disaster.
 
Risks:

http://www.livescience.com/environment/050106_odds_of_dying.html

I think the above list indicates how you could spend the money used on some vaccinations better. I particularly like the fact you're three times more likely to be killed by a gun in the US than measles.


That's a bit like saying why should I bother locking my door and setting my burglar alarm, when I've never had a burglary.

These figures are from a country which uses vaccines. Therefore, they demonstrate the excellent situation which results from the use of vaccines.

You'd need to know the figures for an equivalent population, which is not vaccinated, before you can quantify the benefit. Just as you'd have to find out how likely you were to be burgled if you didn't lock the door and set the burglar alarm, before you could say that these precautions were unnecessary.

Rolfe.
 
I also took care of a 6 yr old patient in a permanent coma from measles. One of my boyfriends in college had a leg damaged by polio. Why aren't people afraid of these infections?

Ironically, I think it is because they are so rare.

I ended up in a coma when I had the measles. There were a number of cases at the time, but I've never knowingly met anyone else who suffered as much. (Unknowingly, I did. Later I was told there were three of us on the ICU. I know one of the others didn't make it and I think I was also told that the other one never fully recovered if survived at all.)

My dad had polio as a young child and never walked again, yet I don't recall ever meeting anyone else who's had polio. (Possibly some of his friends or patients when I was younger, but I don't remember anything of the sort.)

There are probably a few more people, but you might not see them on the streets much, or if you do, you won't be able to tell.

FIW, I am mortified of these infections.
 
You can thank vaccines for that. And herd immunity protects those that would rather let their young flirt with disaster.

That's a bit like saying why should I bother locking my door and setting my burglar alarm, when I've never had a burglary.

These figures are from a country which uses vaccines. Therefore, they demonstrate the excellent situation which results from the use of vaccines.

You'd need to know the figures for an equivalent population, which is not vaccinated, before you can quantify the benefit. Just as you'd have to find out how likely you were to be burgled if you didn't lock the door and set the burglar alarm, before you could say that these precautions were unnecessary.

Rolfe.

We do know. It is estimated 1 in every 1000 people who contract measles in the US will die. Since the protection provided by vaccination is so good (i.e. being vaccinated means you don't get measles), the vast majority of people who get measles are those that are unvaccinated, aren't they?

I think vaccination is generally a good idea and I think it would be great if diseases such as measles and polio were eradicated. However, I have my doubts over the risk to public health posed by meningitis. Why, exactly, do kids need to be vaccinated against bacteria that cause meningitis before they are allowed to go to school? There is a public health argument for compulsory vaccination for highly contagious diseases (though diseases such as chickenpox and mumps are pretty mild in the vast majority of children), but for rare and hard to transmit infections such as meningitis, what valid reason has the state got to deny public education to the children of parents who refuse those particular vaccinations?

ETA: http://www.vaccination.org.au/articles/article523.html

Similarly, any risks involved in using vaccines are outweighed by the benefits they offer. For example, measles is so contagious that before the measles vaccine was widely used, 90% of unvaccinated children would catch it before they reached 20 years of age. Of all these sick children:
· One in 25 developed pneumonia, often with permanent lung scarring;
· One in 2,000 developed encephalitis (brain inflammation);
· For every 10 with encephalitis, one died and up to four had permanent brain damage;
· One in 25,000 developed SSPE (progressive brain degeneration), which is always fatal;
· The overall death rate is one in 3,000 cases.
 
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