That's almost a deceptive question yourself.
Deceptive? No. But I did choose each word deliberately.
Of course deception is necessary in waging a war -- we're not going to tell them where we parked the battleships -- but generally the deception is not aimed at the politicians who make the decision to go to war in the first place.
We will differ here. Any Senator or Congressman, Republican or Democrat, who claimed that "they lied to me" as the excuse for the failed oversight role, the failed to get off the old duff and ask the hard questions and get serious about blood and treasure risks and expenditures ... ya know, do actual oversight in prep for that critical vote in 2002, gets ZERO sympathy from me. A raspberry is more likely. That W and his executive branch group had already convinced themselves of the
necessity to go to war was, how shall we say this -- obvious. The checks and balances failed due to two things as I see it:
1. Laziness on the part of Congress, both houses, somewhat induced by moral fear of possible "not looking good" if one objected to the Iraq war. A bit of moral cowardice and self centeredness, in action, two parties, though I offer a bit more blame to GOP due to weight of numbers.
2. Among the GOP, no small amount of arm twisting and threats/loyalty checks, internal, of consequences for not going along. No such leverage was wieldable against the Dems.
The Second World War, or at least, the American involvement in it, was fairly straightforward and involved no deception.
Riiiiight. Lend Lease wasn't a shell game, a bit of the old sleight of hand. Come on.
FDR's internal opposition to WW II involvement was non trivial. (FWIW, I recently read the account of Rhoald Dahl and Ian Fleming in DC in re US/UK involvement and such -- The Irregulars. A most excellent narrative of the inside game, some of which involved the propaganda campaign directed at the US public).
"They bombed us, the sneaky little devils, now let's go kick their little yellow butts."
Aye, that does not explain the Europe First strat the US undertook, does it? (What genius bribed Hitler into declaring war on the US, I wonder, in Dec of 41?)
Admiral King was rather blunt in his objections to that Europe First strategy.
And indeed, there wasn't a lot of information that was withheld from Congress except for operational details.
???
Marshall made a point of keeping Congress in the loop even during the '44 presidential election.
OK, I see what you mean.
The First was much more problematic, and,.... just like Iran, ended up biting the militarists in the butt.
Iran? Are your referring to the Iran/Iraq war of the 80's here?
"The Myth of the Great War," while having enough other problems of its own, tells a very good tale about how the French GHQ systematically mislead the French government to keep them from being able to learn how badly the first stages of the war were going, and how this ended up keeping the French from being able to deploy useful weapons and tactics in the middle stages. (Why did they need to, when the Generals kept insisting that the old ones had worked perfectly well?)
See also Admiral Lockwood's fights agianst Bureau of Ordnance, and US torpedoes, WW II, Pacific fleet, and duds clanging off of Japanese hulls.
The checks-and-balances system, where you tell the policitians and the media as much of the truth as you can, actually works better in the long run than a series of systematic lies to support the policy of the day.
I agree, and do not feel that Senate and Congress ought to sit complacent and demand "feed me," but get off the old backside and get to work. Be pushy. Ya know, do their damned jobs. See JFK, Profiles in Courage, for my perceptual baseline here.
Because if your policies are actually working and you tell the truth about it, people can confirm it for themselves. If your policies aren't working, and you lie about it, then not only are you losing credibility when other reports crop up, but you're also trapped in a non-working policy and you've lost the good will and best efforts of the very people who might be able to devise a better policy for you.
Don't disagree with you. But I disagree with what is (I think) implied on what portion of that ought to be public arena, once war is undertaken, and what isn't. Even in the run up to war, in this information age, one must be mindful of how to use deception strategically to get the edge on one's opponents, and prospective opponents, my empahsis being abroad. Play in continuous, in politics, of which war is a mere subset.
Can Congress apply OPSEC? I don't know. The evidence is mixed. Some in that body can, some can't. I know for damned sure that the Executive Branch, at the suit level, is horrible at it.
DR