I think the issue of proportional representation deserves a thread of its own, and I hope a mod can look at this and sort the various posts out accordingly.
However, at the risk of further derailing this thread (and in anticipation that a mod will create a new thread) I wanted to put this idea for a proportionally represented US Senate.
I know its not perfect, but its a start, and I have tried to keep it uncomplicated.
Criteria
1. All States shall be entitled to at least one Seat in the Senate. This Seat is the Minimum Representation (MR) Seat.
2. A State will be required to have a total population of 1.5% of the National population in order to be entitled to additional Population Based Representation (PBR) Seats
3. The Percentage population is rounded up or down to the nearest whole percentage point to determine the number of PBR Seats.
4. Under most circumstances, this will result in a Senate of more than 100 Seats. If required, this can be corrected back to 100 by adjusting the divisor downwards until the resulting Senate is exactly 100 Seats. This will result in some States not being allocated one of their PBR Seats due to their population percentage being marginal.
Example
[qimg]https://www.dropbox.com/s/bdd6ew6kdinaoel/ProportionalSenate.png?raw=1[/qimg]
This one results in 109 Senate seats. If you want to reduce the number of Seats to 100, but keep it near proportional, then reducing the divisor from 100 to 89 will do the job, but nine states will not be allocated one of their PBR seats.
California
Texas
New York
Pennsylvania
Illinois
Ohio
New Jersey
Virginia
South Carolina
As I said, its not perfect, but it would be a fairer and more representative system than the current one, which grossly over-represents lower populated states, and grossly under represents higher populated states.
NOTE: I anticipate there will be all sorts of objections that the US Constitution says it can't be done because of this or that or the next thing. To those arguments, I would reply that the US Constitution is a living document, as evidenced by its 27 ratified Amendments. Indeed, the way Senators are elected was changed by the 17th amendment in 1913.
I would also argue that the US Constitution doesn't mean much in a country where the president routinely ignores it for his own personal and political purposes.
I also anticipate arguments from some that the system isn't broken and doesn't need fixing. To those people I say, you have not been paying attention.