• Quick note - the problem with Youtube videos not embedding on the forum appears to have been fixed, thanks to ZiprHead. If you do still see problems let me know.

Race is a human/social construct.

If it's valid that, as Cuddles has said, "species are a useful concept, but you should never make the mistake of thinking that they actually represent absolute boundaries," and given that the word species is nonetheless used in both scientific discourse and in the common vernacular without objection strenuous enough to quash its usage...

... why the strenuous objection to the word race when it's used to indicate certain trait clusters, distributed among human populations according to ancestral geographical origin? Race in this sense is at least as valid a concept as species, in light of Cuddles' and OnlyTellsTruth's points about the impermanence -- and yet, usefulness and practical applications -- of the term species.

I perceive that the current objection to race designations derives from the fact that race has been, and is still being, used to justify prejudice, oppression, genocide and other forms of civil rights abuses. Yet this objection is illogical. Genocide is wrong, clearly, as are all forms of civil abuses based on any form of prejudice, but this does not diminish racial designations' basis in perceptible, quantifiable fact.

Again, I think we came to the conclusion on page 2 that the only logical thing that can be done is just stop saying "race" and start using the term "ethnicity".

But ethnicity is largely social and cultural, having to do with language, dress, food, customs, the arts, interior design and so forth. An individual can opt not to belong to an ethnicity into which s/he has been born.

Race (defined as trait clusters, distributed among human populations according to ancestral geographical origin) is biological, genetic, objective. One cannot opt out of one's race.

Obviously the two terms overlap, as do races themselves especially now with the mixture of all peoples everywhere. But there a practical point and an objective truthfulness in making a distinction between race and ethnicity. Bpesta22 has been more eloquent on the subject than I could hope to be. I'll likely modify and clarify my position as I continue to learn more about the subject from a genetic perspective, but that is my current stance for whatever it's worth.
 
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Vortigern99 said:
If it's valid that, as Cuddles has said, "species are a useful concept, but you should never make the mistake of thinking that they actually represent absolute boundaries," and given that the word species is nonetheless used in both scientific discourse and in the common vernacular without objection strenuous enough to quash its usage...

... why the strenuous objection to the word race when it's used to indicate certain trait clusters, distributed among human populations according to ancestral geographical origin? Race in this sense is at least as valid a concept as species, in light of Cuddles' and OnlyTellsTruth's points about the impermanence -- and yet, usefulness and practical applications -- of the term species.
Click to expand...


Mainly because, as I tried to point out, nailing down the definition of "species" should be much easier to do compared to "race". And they can't even do that. So therefore, defining race is considerably less valid.


As for why race should be harder to nail down than species, I suggest wading through that wiki. One of the longest wiki pages around.... sorry! And also finding yourself a copy of that Discover article I referenced in the same link.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(humans)
 
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Vortigern99 said:
But ethnicity is largely social and cultural, having to do with language, dress, food, customs, the arts, interior design and so forth. An individual can opt not to belong to an ethnicity into which s/he has been born.

Race (defined as trait clusters, distributed among human populations according to ancestral geographical origin) is biological, genetic, objective. One cannot opt out of one's race.
Click to expand...

I would disagree with the bolded sentence. One cannot completely opt out of all of the things that define ethnicity.

Though I admit the conflict you describe is brought up in the very first paragraph on the wiki:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_group

That is why I suggest it as a future alternative. A compromise to leave the past behind.
 
Vortigern99 said:
I perceive that the current objection to race designations derives from the fact that race has been, and is still being, used to justify prejudice, oppression, genocide and other forms of civil rights abuses. Yet this objection is illogical.
Click to expand...
If race is an objective biological fact then the consequences of that fact are irrelevant in regards to the truth value of race. Combating inhumanity based on real difference can still be done.

However, if bigotry, prejudice, etc., are founded on false premises then correcting the error is in the interest of society. While it's true we could expand Peter Singer's circle regardless of real or perceived differences (in fact Singer and others are attempting to expand that circle to include great apes whales and others) knowing that blacks are no different than whites and thus racist attitudes were irrational has given much ammunition to those who argue in favor of equality.
 
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OnlyTellsTruths said:
Mainly because, as I tried to point out, nailing down the definition of "species" should be much easier to do compared to "race". And they can't even do that. So therefore, defining race is considerably less valid.


As for why race should be harder to nail down than species, I suggest wading through that wiki. One of the longest wiki pages around.... sorry! And also finding yourself a copy of that Discover article I referenced in the same link.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(humans)
Click to expand...

I'm currently wading through the wiki article you've linked, as well as additional links within the article, and find myself coming round to your POV. I'll post again when I've absorbed it all and can compose an intelligible response.

The article on Lewontin's fallacy and the rebuttals to Edwards' critique is especially illuminating.
 
Skeptic Ginger said:
If the gene deck is shuffled again and again, adding new cards and subtracting others...
Click to expand...
OK, then you're definitely talking about not just recombination but also some other stuff: first recombination (shuffling), then subtracting some cards (diploid to haploid split), then adding new cards (fusion of gametes to form zygote). So with that established, where are we going next from there? How do we get from the fact that those things all do indeed happen with chromosomes 1-22 and X, to something about finding gene pools within a single species, or identifying which one an individual comes from? (I'd also add whatever "tracing ancestral lines" was supposed to be about, but that was RandFan's thing and I don't recall seeing you talk about it.)

Skeptic Ginger said:
then it is not relevant that the same number of cards remain in play.
Click to expand...
Then why did you find it necessary to add the bits about adding & subtracting cards on top of shuffling?

Skeptic Ginger said:
What matters is the whole interbreeding group the new cards are continually mixing from.
Click to expand...
Yes indeed. That's exactly my point.

Skeptic Ginger said:
The whole interbreeding group is not the racial subset Delvo claims it is. Rather the gene pool comes from the much larger human group.
Click to expand...
The latter is true. The former is not. If it were, then it would show in people's genomes, in the form of thorough randomness of combinations of traits, instead of the decidedly non-random phenomenon known as trait clusters. Those are what happens in a species which has to one extent or another divided into separate gene pools.

The fact that all of those constituent pools together also comprise a single larger pool for the whole species does not change this, since there is no reason why one gene pool couldn't be part of another or composed of others. A classic example of that on a smaller scale is a set of villages that are far enough apart for travel in a low-transportation-technology age to be possible but troublesome; each village is its own gene pool but also a part of a larger gene pool including multiple other villages.

Skeptic Ginger said:
If you want to divide up the gene pools into subsets, there needs to be distinct biological reasons for the groupings.
Click to expand...
When there's a distinct biological reason for it, such as one group within the species having one set of traits while another has another set of traits, then it's not you/us/them doing the dividing. The species is already inherently divided. All you/we/they do is observe the fact that that's the way it is.

Skeptic Ginger said:
Delvo had to subdivide his original racial subsets into smaller subsetsto account for black physical features existing in different subsets.
Click to expand...
You and the rest here all know perfectly well that no such thing actually happened. The actual posts you're lying are right here for all to see.

Skeptic Ginger said:
A family lineage is not a race. A race, in the human species, is no more than a family lineage.
Click to expand...
Are there some extra words in there or missing words that were supposed to be there? Those two sentences look like such a clear straightforward contradiction that it seems like a result of an editing goof.

Skeptic Ginger said:
The gene pools just are not distinct enough to meet the biological taxonomic rules.
Click to expand...
Where are those rules? Exactly what quantity would satisfy them, and how is it to be computed? And why does nobody pay any attention to these "rules" when dealing with other species in which subdivisions are routinely recognized without more distinctness than in us?

Skeptic Ginger said:
You can choose any number of ways to group people. The groups are biologically based. But the legitimacy of the grouping is based on choices of what to group (social constructs)
Click to expand...
I can't tell what that means. What could the "legitimacy" of a biologically-based grouping be "based on", other than biological facts?
 
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RandFan said:
The Science of Human Races, Part 1
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This one starts off by admitting the biological fact that races really exist. It then proceeds to argue against some vague idea that they're "essential" and "more meaningful" than other ways of looking at people, which is something I've never seen anybody argue in favor of and he waffles a bit on his own definition of. A bit of a pointless rant against phantoms, but not a big deal, nothing wrong with the overall theme. The problem is when he starts going into biological details and throws in some well-established falsehoods, from the "there must be zillions of races or one/none" canard to the pretense that haplogroups are supposed to be races to the pretense that mixed-race people are supposed to somehow be a problem to Lewontin's fallacy to the continuum fallacy. Nothing that hasn't already been debunked here and elsewhere.

RandFan said:
The Science of Human Race, Part 2
Click to expand...
This one is all about whether a certain small set of arbitrarily-chosen traits happen to be linked to race or not. It's a legitimate question for pretty much any trait; some are race-linked and others (most) are not. As far as the issue of the races' existence is concerned, it's no big deal either way, except for the fact that when he talks about the fact that individuals have had their ancestry determined by genetics labs, that fact has the reality of races built in to it. He also threw in some glitches in his representation of a few other biological concepts in this video, but they aren't really related to the subject of this thread.

The most interesting part is at about 20 minutes, where he uses a fallacy I don't recall seeing previously except in this thread: the false claim that just picking any two variables to combine with each other creates a correlation and a correlation is nothing but any arbitrarily chosen combination of variables. This nonsense can easily be debunked by anyone who bothers to look up even a basic introduction to the actual definition & nature of correlations, but I expect most such sources (including my previous posts) to be mainly verbal, so I think I'll put together an example to illustrate it in the next few days.

RandFan said:
Do Human Races Exist?
Click to expand...
This one starts off by saying he intends to establish that human races are "irrelevant", which isn't the same as denying that they're biological reality. It's really the same theme as the second video: not in dispute and not really the subject of this thread. But he does dwell for a while on the claim of everybody being of mixed race, and go for the straw man that races are supposedly just about skin color and nothing else. Those are parts of the usual "no such thing as races" spiel, and his title for this video does suggest he's going to be talking in the video about whether or not human biological races really exist, but he makes a bit of a muddle of exactly what his position really is by not actually completing the connection. He leaves the "question" of their existence in only the title, and while the content of the video does use race-denier arguments, he seems to be avoiding actually getting caught connecting them to his answer to the title question. Instead of "Argument X, so there are no races", it's "Are there races? Well, argument X...". The real point, which he sort of embeds all of this biological stuff into, is not so much about the biological reality of races as just that we shouldn't pay attention to them or something like that... again, a dispute with phantoms.
 
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bpesta22 said:
Welcome to the jref and the thread that never ends!

I don't think race implies strictly genetics; the argument here seems to be it implies strictly the social.
Click to expand...

Thanks for the welcome :)


Wow, that's strange.

Society is aware of genetics... even if it's "strictly social", there's still a genetic component that goes as far as human knowledge of its existence.

Arbitrary human classifications like race are whatever people believe them to be... so, since people know of and believe them to be genetic, they kind of are that too. If people believed them to be based strictly on phrenology, that would be true too.


It gets really interesting when we understand that definitions can change over time... so, by shouting at the top of one's lungs "Race is social, not genetic", arguing for that point, or generally convincing people it's true (or intimidating them into accepting it)... it becomes true.
 
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RelativeSpace said:
Thanks for the welcome :)


Wow, that's strange.

Society is aware of genetics... even if it's "strictly social", there's still a genetic component that goes as far as human knowledge of its existence.

Arbitrary human classifications like race are whatever people believe them to be... so, since people know of and believe them to be genetic, they kind of are that too. If people believed them to be based strictly on phrenology, that would be true too.


It gets really interesting when we understand that definitions can change over time... so, by shouting at the top of one's lungs "Race is social, not genetic", arguing for that point, or generally convincing people it's true (or intimidating them into accepting it)... it becomes true.
Click to expand...
Not one person here has said race was "strictly social" and yet more than 600 posts later, Bpesta22 repeats that straw man. Apparently he'd rather argue with a straw man than debate the real issues.
 
Skeptic Ginger said:
Not one person here has said race was "strictly social" and yet more than 600 posts later, Bpesta22 repeats that straw man. Apparently he'd rather argue with a straw man than debate the real issues.
Click to expand...

No, I think you agree that at least skin color (and probably bone structure, and maybe resistance to certain types of disease) has a non-social basis.

Unless you suggest that we can socially treat babies differently such that some grow up to be black; while others have white skin, I admit that it's a straw man.

In that sense, you are correct-- no one here has claimed that things like skin color are purely social. It's the refusal to admit that other things co-vary with skin color-- and have markers in the genome-- that keep me posting here.
 
bpesta22 said:
No, I think you agree that at least skin color (and probably bone structure, and maybe resistance to certain types of disease) has a non-social basis.

Unless you suggest that we can socially treat babies differently such that some grow up to be black; while others have white skin, I admit that it's a straw man.

In that sense, you are correct-- no one here has claimed that things like skin color are purely social. It's the refusal to admit that other things co-vary with skin color-- and have markers in the genome-- that keep me posting here.
Click to expand...
I'll ask you again, then, how is race more than simply choosing a cluster of traits/physical features to group together?
 
bpesta22 said:
No, I think you agree that at least skin color (and probably bone structure, and maybe resistance to certain types of disease) has a non-social basis.

Unless you suggest that we can socially treat babies differently such that some grow up to be black; while others have white skin, I admit that it's a straw man.

In that sense, you are correct-- no one here has claimed that things like skin color are purely social. It's the refusal to admit that other things co-vary with skin color-- and have markers in the genome-- that keep me posting here.
Click to expand...

because from there on the claims by the race promoters is getting very
strange, like when they claim stuff about IQ while for the most part ignoring other influences beside genetics that can be far bigger impacts on IQ than genetics.
 
Here are some simple examples to illustrate how the concepts we're talking about work...

A string of letters like “ABcdEfGHiJ” will represent an individual's very simple genome, where each letter represents a gene and each gene has two possible alleles represented by uppercase and lowercase. (Different fonts would also work, and would allow more than two alleles per gene, but they're harder to work with.) So another individual would have each gene/letter, but a different combination of uppercase & lowercase alleles, like these: abcDEFgHij, AbcdEfghIj, aBcDeFgHIj. A list of different strings like that would, of course, represent a population. (This analogy also works for physical traits, which is how races were originally observed before genetic science existed, but I'll stick with talking about it in terms of genetics for the rest of this.)

In a spreadsheet program, it's simple to get a cell to randomly create either a lowercase letter or its uppercase counterpart. Copying & pasting with slight changes lets you create strings of letters like that, in which each one's case is random and independent of the others. Copying & pasting again lets you create a population consisting of a number of strings like that. Once you have the population, the rest of this is just a matter of counting what's there, and spreadsheets make that relatively quick & easy too. So if you have access to such a program, you can confirm everything I'm saying here yourself. Later, if anyone wants, I can post instructions on how to write the relevant spreadsheet formulas or email anyone a copy of the file I used, so you can see the formulas yourself, do as many trials as you want, and confirm that it really is set up to do the math I say it does.

If the strings are short enough and there are few enough of them, counting the letters or combinations of letters yourself isn't too much trouble, so I'll start with a small engouh example for us all to see what's going on here. With a population of 12 individuals with 7 genes apiece...

abCDefG
ABcdeFg
ABcDeFg
ABCdEFG
abCdeFg
ABCdefG
ABCdEFg
ABcDEFg
AbcDEfG
aBCDefG
abCDefg
aBcdefG

...you can see for yourself that there are, for example, 7 "C", 5 "c", 4 "E", and 8 "e", and that the numbers of each possible combination of those alleles are 2 "CE", 5 "Ce", 2 "cE", and 3 "ce". And if you do that over and over again for every pair of letters/genes, the results would best be reported in a table like this (with the examples I just gave in red):

6|3|3|4|5|3| A |1|4|4|3|2|4
|4|3|3|5|4| B | |4|5|5|3|4
| |3| 2 |3|4| C | | |4| 5 |4|3
| | |2|2|3| D | | | |4|4|3
| | | |3|2| E | | | | |1|2
| | | | |1| F | | | | | |5
B | C | D | E | F | G | • | b | c | d | e | f | g
2|4|3|0|1|3| a |3|1|2|5|4|2
|3|3|1|1|2| b | |1|1|3|3|2
| |3| 2 |3|2| c | | |2| 3 |2|3
| | |2|4|3| d | | | |4|2|3
| | | |3|4| e | | | | |5|4
| | | | |5| f | | | | | |1

The cells in the upper-left quadrant show how many individuals in the population had two uppercase alleles for each pair of genes (like AB, CE, or BF). The upper-right quadrant's cells show how many individuals had an uppercase allele followed by a lowercase allele for each pair of genes (like Ab, Ce, or Bf). The lower-left quadrant shows how many had lowercase-then-uppercase (like aB, cE, or bF), and the lower-right quadrant shows how many had two lowercase alleles (like ab, ce, or bf). The values in four counterpart cells, one from each quadrant (such as CE+Ce+cE+ce in red above), add up to the total population because every individual has some kind of C/c and some kind of E/e; the average value of all cells is one fourth of the population.

In this simple example, you can see that the numbers in the table match whatever you choose to count in the original population data. That's because the table isn't creating anything new, or picking & choosing. It's just counting what was already actually there in the population's genomes, in all possible combinations.

Now, the same thing again, working on a larger scale: 15 genes apiece, population 1000:

Code: 
aBcdefgHIjKLMnO aBCdEfgHijKLMNO aBcDEfGhijklMnO aBcDefghIjkLMnO abCdefgHIjKlMNo
ABcdeFGhiJkLmNo abCdefghiJkLMno abcdeFgHIJKlmno ABcdefGhIJKLmnO AbCdeFGHIJKlMNO
ABCDEFgHIjKLmno AbcDeFgHIjkLmnO abCDeFghIJKlmNO abCdeFghIJklmNo ABCdeFGHIJkLmno
AbCdEFGHIjKLmno aBcDEfghiJKLMNO abCdEfGHIJKlmno ABcDEFghIJKLmNO abcdeFGhIjkLMnO
ABcdeFGhijKlmno aBCdeFghiJkLmNO AbcDEfGhIJklmNo aBcDefGhijklMno aBCDEfGHIJKlmNo
AbCDefgHIJkLMno aBcdEFghiJKlMNo abCdefgHijkLmNO ABCDEFGHIjklmnO ABCDefGhIJKlmnO
ABcDEfghijKlmNO abCDefGHiJKLMNO AbCdEfghiJKLMnO AbCdefGHijKlmNO AbcdEfGHijKlmno
AbCDefghIjKLmNO aBCDEfGhijKLMno ABcdEFghIJKLmnO ABCDEfgHiJklmno AbcdefgHiJKlmNo
abcdefghiJkLmno AbcdEfGhijkLMnO AbcDEfghijKlmNo AbcdEfgHIjKLmNO ABcDEfgHiJkLMnO
aBcDEFGhijKlMno aBcdefGhIJKLMNO ABCdEfGHIjkLmno ABCdeFGhIjkLMno aBCDefghijklmNO
aBcDEFghijkLMno ABCDefGhijKlmNo aBcdefGHiJkLMNO aBcDefghIJKlmno aBCDeFghijklmNo
abcDeFgHIjKlmnO ABCdeFghIjKLMnO ABcDeFGhIJKLMnO ABCDeFgHijKlMno ABCdeFgHIjkLmNo
abcdEFGhijklMNo AbcDeFGHIjkLmno AbcdefghiJkLMNO abCDEFgHijKlMnO AbCDeFghIjKLmnO
ABcdEFgHIjkLMNO abcDefGHIjKLMNO abcdeFgHIJklMnO ABCDefgHIJklMnO aBcDEfgHijKlMNO
ABCdefGHiJkLMnO abCDEfghIJklmno AbCdEfghIjKLmnO ABcdEfghIJKlMno abCDEfGHIJKlMNo
aBCDefgHIJkLmNO ABcdefGHiJKlmno ABCDEFGHIJKlMnO aBCDEFGHijKlMno AbcDEfghIjKLMNo
ABcdEfGhiJklMNO ABCdEfGHIjKLMnO ABCDeFghiJKLmNo aBcdEFGHIJKlmno AbcdeFghiJKLMNo
aBcdEFGHIJKlMNo abcdEfgHiJKLMno aBCDeFGhIJklMNo abcdeFgHiJklmNo abcdEfgHijKlmNO
ABCdEFgHIJkLMnO AbCDEfgHiJKLMNO abcdeFGhiJkLMnO abcDeFGhijkLMNO abcDEFghijKLMnO
AbCDEfGHiJkLmNo ABCdEfGHijkLmnO AbcdEfgHIjKLMnO aBcDeFGhIJKlmnO abCdEfgHIJKLmNo
ABCDefGHIJklmNO abcdeFGHijKLMno aBcDEfghIjkLmNo abCdefgHiJklMnO abcdeFgHiJkLmNo
AbCDeFGHIjkLMNo AbCdefGhiJkLmNO ABcDEfgHijKlmNO aBcDEFghiJKLMno abcdEfGHiJKlMnO
aBCdEFGhiJkLmNO ABcdEFGhIJKlmno abCdeFgHiJkLmno ABCdeFghijKlMNo aBCdEFgHiJKLMNo
abcDEFgHIJKlMnO abCDEfghiJkLMNo AbcDeFgHijKlmno abcdEfGHIjklMNO ABCdeFghIjkLMno
AbcDEfGHIjKLmNo ABcDeFghIjkLmnO ABCdEfGHijKlMno AbcDeFgHIJkLMNO AbcDefGHIJKlmnO
abCDEFGHIJklmno ABcdeFgHIjklmNo ABcDeFgHijKlmNo ABCDefghIJKLMNo aBCDefgHIJklmnO
aBcDEFGhijKlMno AbCDEFgHiJklmnO AbcDefGHIjklmnO aBcDEfghijKlMNo AbCDEfGhijKlMnO
aBCdefGHijKlMno abcDefgHIjklMno aBcdefGHIjKLMnO aBCdEFGHIjKLmNO AbCdEfgHijKLmNO
ABCDefGhIjklmNO ABcdeFGHIjKlMno abCdeFGHIJkLMnO aBcdeFgHiJKlmno ABCDeFghiJKLMnO
ABcDEfgHiJKlmno aBCdefgHiJkLmNO AbCdEFgHiJKLMNO aBcdEfGHIJKLmNo aBcdeFGHIjklmNo
aBCDeFghijkLMnO aBcdEfGHiJKLmno ABcDefgHIJKlmno abcDEFGhIjKLMno AbcdeFgHIjkLMno
abCdEFGHijkLmnO ABcDEfGhiJKlmNO AbCdEFGhijKlMNo abCdeFgHijklmno AbCDefGhIJkLmnO
AbCdEFgHIJKLMnO abcdEfgHIjKlmno ABcDeFghiJkLMno aBCdeFgHIjklmNO AbCDeFgHIjKlmnO
abcDefGHIJKlMno AbcDEFgHIjKLmNo ABcdeFGhIjklmNo abCDEFgHIjKLmno aBcdEFghiJKLmnO
abCDEfgHiJkLMNO ABcdEFGhijklMnO ABCDeFghiJkLMNO AbCDefgHiJkLmno AbCDefGhijKlMNO
abCdEfghiJkLmnO abCDEfGhIjKlmNO abcDeFghiJkLmNo ABcdEfGHiJKlmno ABcdEFGhIjkLMNo
aBcdeFGHIJKlmNO abcdefGhIjKLMNO AbcDefghIJklMNo AbcdEFGHiJkLMno ABCdeFGHIJKlMno
abCDEFGHIjkLMNo AbcDEFGhijKlMNO AbCdeFGHIjKlmNO aBcdeFghIjKLmno AbCdeFGHIjKlMNo
aBcdEfghIJKLMNo ABCdEfGHiJKLMNO ABCDefghIjKLmno AbcdEfghIjkLMnO abCdefGhIJklMno
AbCDeFghiJKLmno AbCDeFgHiJKLMnO abCDEfGHijKlMNo ABcdeFGhIJKlMNo ABCdeFgHiJKlmnO
aBcDEfgHIjKlmno abCdeFGhiJklMNo AbCdeFghIJKlMnO abcDEFGhIjKlMNO AbcdeFGHijKLmNo
abcdefgHIjkLmnO ABcdEfgHijklMNO abCDefGHijkLmno abCDeFghijklMNo aBCdEfGHIjklMNo
abcdEfghIjkLmnO AbcdEfGHijkLMno aBCdEFgHIjklMNo ABcDeFgHijKlMNO abCdefGHIjklMNo
abcdEFGHiJKlMNO abCdefGHIJKLMNO AbCdEFgHijklmNo ABcDEFghIjklMnO AbCdeFGHIjklMNo
aBcDeFGhiJKLMnO abCDEFGhIjKlmNo aBcdEFGHIjKlMNo abCdeFgHiJKLmNo ABcdeFgHIJKLMNo
ABCDeFGhIjKlMno abCdeFgHijklMNo AbcDEFGhiJKlMNO ABCdEFghIJKLmNo aBcDefGhiJKLmnO
ABCDEFghIJklMnO aBCDefgHiJkLMnO AbCdEFghIjklMnO aBCdefgHIJKLMnO abcDefGhiJKLmNo
abcDefghiJklMnO AbcDeFGHIJkLMNO aBcDefGHIjklmNo aBcdEfgHIjklMNo aBCDEfgHiJkLmNO
AbCDEFghijKLMNO aBcDEFgHIjkLmNO abCDeFghiJkLmNo abCDeFGhIJkLmno aBCdEfGHIJKlmno
aBCdEFGHIJKLMNO ABCDEfghijKlmNO abCdeFghIjKLMno ABcdEfgHiJklmno AbCdefgHiJkLmNO
abCDefgHIJklmnO aBcdEfGhIjKLMNO AbCDEfghijklMNO aBCDEfghIjkLmNO ABCDEFGhiJkLMNo
ABCDEfGHijkLMNO AbcdeFghIjkLmno AbCDeFGHIjKlmnO aBcDefgHIJklmNo abcdEfgHiJklmNO
AbCdeFghiJklMno abcDeFghIJKlmnO aBCDefghIJklmNo ABcdefGhIjKLmnO aBcDeFGhIJkLMNo
AbCdEfgHiJKlMnO ABcDEfghIJKlmnO ABCDeFGHijKLMno ABCDEfghiJklMNO abCDeFGHijKLMNO
abCDeFgHijKLmno AbCdeFGhIjKlmnO aBcdEFGHijkLMNo abcDefgHIjKLmNO AbcDefGHijKLMNo
aBcDEfGhiJkLmnO abCDEfgHIjKlmNO AbcDEFgHIJkLMNo abCDEFgHiJkLMnO AbcDEFGHijKLmNO
AbcDefghijkLMNO AbcDefGHIjklmNo aBcdeFgHijkLmNO abcdefghiJkLmno AbcdefGHiJKlmNO
aBcdEFgHijKLMnO AbcDeFGHIJklMNo aBCdEfGhIjklmno aBCdeFGhijkLMNo ABCdeFghijkLMnO
aBcDeFGHijkLMnO abCdefgHijKlmnO abcdefghijKlMNo AbcDefgHIjKLMNo abCDEfGhijKlMNo
aBCDeFGhiJKLmno aBCdeFGhIJklmNO ABCDeFgHIJklMNO AbCdEfgHIJkLmNO AbcDEfGHIjkLMNO
aBcDEfgHIjklmNO abcdEfghijkLMno AbcDEFGHijKLMNo ABcdEFghIjklMNo abcdEFGhIjKLmnO
ABcdefghIjKLMNO aBCDEFGhiJklmNO abCDEFghIjKlmNO abCdEFgHijklMno ABCdEfGhIJklMno
abCdEFgHIjKlmNO AbCdeFGHiJKLmNO aBcdeFGHiJKLMNo aBcDeFGHIjklMNO ABcDEFgHIJKlmno
ABcdEfGHiJKLMno AbcdEFghijkLMno abcDEFghijkLmnO aBcDefGHijKLmNO abcdeFgHijKLMNo
aBCDefGHijKLmnO aBCDEFgHijKLMno abCDeFGhIjklMno aBCDefgHIjKLmNO AbcDEFgHijKLmno
abCDEFGhIJKlmno ABcdEfGhiJkLMNo ABcDefghIJKLmNO abcDeFGhiJklmNo AbcDefGHIjKLMno
abCdEfgHIJKlMNO abcDefghijkLmNO aBcDEfGHiJKlMNo AbcDeFghIjklmno AbCDEFGHijklMno
abCdeFGHIjKlmnO aBcdEFgHIjKLmNo abcdefGhijklMno AbCDEfghIjKlmNO aBcDEFghijKlMNo
ABCdEfGhIjklMnO AbcDEFghIjkLMno ABcdEfGhijkLmNo aBcDefghiJKLmNo AbcdefgHIjkLMNO
ABcDefgHIJKLMnO abCDEFgHIjKlmnO abCdefGHiJKLMNo aBcDEFGhijKLMno abCdeFGhijKlmnO
aBCdEFGHIJKLmno abcdefghIjKLMNo AbcDeFghIjkLMNO AbCdeFgHiJKlmNO ABcdEfgHIjklmNo
aBCDEFGhIJklMnO ABcDEfghijklMNo aBCdEFGhIjKLMNo AbcDEFGHIJKLMNO AbCDEfGhIjKLMnO
abcdEFGhijklMNo ABCdefghIjkLMNo ABCDefghIJklMno aBCdeFghijklmno abCDEFGhijKlMno
aBcdefGhiJKlmno AbcDEfgHIJkLMno AbCDefGHIJklMno AbCDEFGhIJKlmnO abcDeFGhijKLMNO
AbcdeFGHIJKLmnO abcdefGHIJKLMNO abcDefGhiJKLmNO abCdeFGhIJklmNo ABCdeFghIJKlMno
AbcDEfghIJklmNO AbcDEFGhIjKlmnO ABCdefGHIJkLmnO ABCdefGhiJKlMNo aBCDeFghiJklmnO
aBcDEFgHijklmno abcDeFgHijkLmno abcdefGHIJKLMNO AbcdeFGHIJkLMNo abcdEfGhiJKlMNo
ABcdefgHiJklMno abcDeFgHiJklMnO ABcDEfGhijKLmno aBcdEFgHIJKlMnO aBCDEFgHijKlMNo
ABcDeFghiJKlMNO aBCDEFgHIjKLMNO abCdEFgHiJKlmNo ABcdEfGHIJKlMNo AbcdeFGHijklmNo
aBCDEfGhIjkLMno ABCdefgHiJKLMno aBcdeFGhijkLMNo AbCDefghIJKLmnO ABcdefgHIjKlMNo
aBcdEFGHijKlMno aBCdEFghijKLmno abcDEfGHijKLMno aBCDefgHijKlMnO abCDefGhiJKLMNO
aBcDefghIJklmNO aBCdEfGHIjkLmnO abCDefghijklmno AbcDEFGHiJkLMnO ABcdEfgHiJKLmnO
AbcdEfgHIjKLmNo aBcDEFghIjKLmNO aBCDEFGhIjklMnO AbcDEFGhijKLmNO ABCDefGHijKLMNO
AbcDefghijkLMNo ABcDEfGHIJkLMno ABCDeFgHIjKLmno AbCdeFghIJKlmNO ABCdeFGhiJklmNo
ABCDefGhiJKlMNo ABCDEFgHIJkLmNO ABCDefgHijKLmNo aBCDEFgHIjKlmNo AbcDEfGhIjklMnO
AbCdEFghIJkLMNO AbcDEFGHiJKLmnO abCdefGhIJKlMnO AbcDEfgHIjkLMno AbcdeFgHIJKLMNo
abcdEfghijkLmno ABcDeFGhiJkLmno aBCDefGhiJKlmNO abCdEfGhIJKLMNo AbcdEfgHIJklmNo
ABcdeFGHIJklmnO ABcDEFGHiJKlmnO abcdeFghIJKlmNO abcDEFGhIjkLMnO ABCdEfGhIJkLmnO
AbcDEfGHIjKLMNO abCDeFgHiJKlMNO AbCDeFGhIJkLmNO aBCdEFghIJKLmno aBCDefGHIJkLmno
ABCdEFghIjKLmNo abcDEFghIJKlmnO abCdeFGHIjkLMno ABcdEFGhijKLMNO aBcdefGHIJklmno
AbCdeFGhiJklMNO ABCDEFghiJkLMnO aBcdeFgHIJklMnO AbCdEfGhijKLMnO AbcDefgHIJkLmno
aBcDEFGHiJKLMno aBcdEFgHIjklMNo ABcDEfGHIJKlmno aBCDeFGHiJKlMnO abCdEFGHIjklMnO
abcdeFGhIjklMNo abCDEfGHiJkLMNO aBCDEFGhiJklmNO ABcdEfGHIJklmNo aBcdEFghIjklMNO
aBCDefgHIjKlmnO ABCDefGHiJKlMNo aBcdefGHijklMno ABcDeFghiJKlMno ABCDEfghijklMNo
aBcdeFGHIJKlMNO aBcDEFghIJKLmNo AbCDefgHIJklMNo aBcdeFghIjKlmnO ABcDEfghIJKlmNo
ABCdEfGhiJkLmno ABcDeFgHIjKlmNo ABcdeFGhiJKlMno aBcDEfgHIjKLmNO abcdeFghiJkLMNo
ABcDefgHijklMnO abcDefgHIJKLMno AbcDEfGhIJKLmNo AbcdeFGhIJkLmNo abCDEfgHIjkLMNo
AbcdEFghijKlmno ABCdeFgHIJKlMno ABCdefGHijKLMNO ABcDeFGHiJkLmnO AbcdEfgHijKLmnO
aBcdEfGHiJkLMnO ABcdEFgHIjKLmnO aBCdeFghijKLmNO aBcdEfGHijkLmNO AbCDeFGHijkLMno
abCdeFGhiJkLMNo aBcDefgHIJklmnO ABcdefghIjKlmNo abCDEFgHijkLmNo ABCDEFGhiJklmNo
AbcdeFgHIjKlmNO AbCdEfGhIJKlmNo AbCDeFGHijkLmNo ABCdefghiJKlmNo aBcDefghIJkLMno
abCDeFGhijKlmNO abcDeFGhIJkLmno AbcdeFgHIJkLmnO AbcdeFGHiJKLMNO AbCdEFGhIJKlmNo
ABCDefgHiJKLmno ABCDEFgHijKlMnO ABcDeFgHIJkLmNO aBcDefGHijKlmnO AbcdefGHIjklMnO
aBcDefgHIjklmNo abCDeFGHIJKLmNo AbCdEfGhijkLmnO AbCDeFgHIjKLMNO ABcDEfGhIJklmno
ABCDeFgHiJKlmno AbcDeFgHIJKLMno aBcDEfGHijKLMNO aBCdEfGhijklmNo aBcdefGHIjklmNO
AbcDEfgHIJklMNO AbcdeFGhIJklMno ABcdeFghiJkLmNo AbCdEfGhiJKLmNo abcDEfGHijkLMNo
abCDeFghIJkLMno abCdefGHiJKlmno AbcDefGhIJklMNo AbCdEfgHIjkLMNo abCdefghIJKlMno
AbCdefgHijklMnO aBcdEFgHijkLMno AbcDeFGhiJkLmNO AbCdEfgHIjKlMnO AbcdefgHIJKLmNO
AbCdeFghiJkLmno abCDeFgHIjklMnO AbCdefgHiJKlmNO AbCdEFghiJklmNo abCDEfghijklmno
aBCdEfgHIJKlMNO ABCdeFGHIjKLMNo AbcDEFgHijklMnO aBCdEfGHIjKLMno AbCdefGHijklmno
abCDeFGHiJkLmnO abcDEfghiJklmno AbCDefGhijKLmno ABcDEFGHiJkLMNo AbCdEfghIJKLMno
aBCDefghiJKLmNo abcDEfghIJkLMNO abCdEFghiJkLmnO abCdEFghijKlMnO AbcDEfGHIjKlMNo
aBCdEFGHIJkLmNO ABcdeFgHIjKLMNo AbcDefghIJKLmnO AbcDEFGhiJklMnO aBcdEFGhijKLMno
aBcDeFghijklMnO aBCDEFghIjKlmnO abcDeFgHIJklMnO AbcDEfGhIjKlmNo AbcDefgHIjkLMnO
abcDEfghIjKLMno ABcDeFghIjKLMnO ABCDefGHIJklmnO abcDefgHIjkLmNO aBCDEfgHiJKlMnO
abCdEFGHIJKLMno abcdeFghiJKLMnO ABcdeFGhijKlmNo ABcdEFghIjKlmnO aBCdeFGhIjklMno
aBcDEfghIJKlMno ABcDEfghiJkLmNO abcdeFgHIjKlMNo abCdefGHIjkLmNo aBcdEfgHijKLmno
abCdefghIJklmno ABCDEfGhijKlMNO aBcdEFghIJkLMnO AbCdEFGHijKLmnO ABCDEFgHIJkLMnO
aBcDeFGhiJklmNO aBCDEFGhiJKLMno ABCdEfghijKlmNo abCDEFGHijklmno AbCdeFghIJKlMno
ABCdEfgHiJKlmnO abCDEfGHIJklmNo ABcDeFGHIjKLmNo aBCDefgHIjKLMNo aBCdEFGhIjkLMNo
aBCDefGhiJKLmNO AbCDefGhIjklmNo aBcdefghIJKlMno ABcDEfGhIjKlMnO AbcdEfGHiJKlmnO
ABCDEFgHijKlmno ABCDEfghijkLMNO aBCDefghIjKlMnO AbCDEFGHIJkLMno abCdEFgHIJkLMnO
aBCDEFghIjKlmNO AbCdefghIjKlMno ABcDEFGhIjKLMno AbCdEfGHIJkLMNo abcDEfghijKLMNO
aBCDEFgHIjklMNo abCDEFGhiJKlmNo AbCDefghIjkLmnO AbcdEFghiJKLMnO aBcdefGHijklMno
AbCDefGHijKlmNO AbCDEfgHijklMnO abcDEfGhIJkLmno aBcDEFgHijKlMNo AbCDEFGHIjkLmnO
AbcdEFghijKlMnO aBCdEfghijklMNo aBCDeFGHIjKlmNo ABcdeFgHIJklMNO AbcdEFghIjKlmNO
aBCdeFghijklmNO ABCDEfGhijKlMno aBCDEFgHijklMnO AbcdeFghiJKlMno ABcDefghijKlMNo
abCDEfGHIjKlmnO abcdEFghiJKlmnO AbCDefgHIjkLmNO AbCDEfghIJKlMno AbcdEFGHijklmNO
aBcdeFghijKlmNO aBCDEFGHijkLMNo AbCdeFghiJklMno AbcdEfGHiJKlMnO ABcdEFghIjKlmnO
ABcdEFghiJKLMno ABcdeFGHIjklmno ABCDeFGhIJklmNo abCdefghIJklmno aBCDeFGHIjklMnO
abCDEFGhIJkLMno ABCDEfGhIjKLmnO AbCDEFGhijkLmno AbCdeFGHiJkLMno abCDefGHIJkLmnO
ABcdeFghIJkLmNo AbcdEfGHijKlMNo aBCDEfghIjkLMnO AbcDeFghIjKLMno aBCDEFGhIjKlmno
aBcDEFGHIjKlmnO abCdEFgHIJKLMno aBcDEfghIjKlmNO ABcdEFGhiJKLMnO abCdEFGHIJkLMNO
ABCDefGhijklmno aBCdefGhIjKlMNo aBCdefGHIJklmnO abCdefGhijKLMNo abCdefghIJkLMNO
AbcdEFghijKlmno ABcdEFGHiJkLMNo ABCdefghIjklMnO AbcdefGHijkLmNO aBcDEfGhiJkLmNo
abcdEfghIjKLmNo AbcdefGhiJkLMno abcDeFGHIjKlmNo ABcdefGHIjkLMno aBCDEFghIjKlmNO
abcdEfgHIjkLMnO ABcDeFGHIJkLMnO ABCdEfGHIjklmno aBCDEfGHIJKlMnO abcDEFghijKLmno
ABcdefGHijklmnO ABcdEFGhIJKLmno ABcDefGHijKLMnO ABcdEFgHijkLMno abcdEfgHiJkLMno
aBcDEFGHIjKLMNo abcdEFgHIJklMnO ABCdEfGhIJklmNO ABCdEfgHijKlmNo abCDeFGhIJkLMNO
ABcdEfgHIJkLMnO ABCdeFgHijkLMNo ABcdeFgHIJkLmnO ABCdEFGHiJklmno AbCdEFgHIjkLMno
ABCDeFgHijklMNO abCDEFGhiJklmno ABcdefgHiJKLmNO aBCDEFGHIJKLMNo AbcDefgHiJKLMNo
AbCdEFghijkLMno aBcDeFgHIjKLmNO ABcdeFgHiJkLmno ABCdEfghiJKlMnO AbCDeFgHIjKLMNo
ABCDefGHiJKLmnO ABCDEfGhIjkLmnO aBCdEFghIjkLMNO AbcDEfGHIjKlMNo abcdEfGHijKLmNO
aBCdEFGHIJKLmNO aBcDEfGHiJKlmno ABCdefGHiJkLmnO abCDefghIJklmNO AbcDefGhijKLmNo
abCdefGHijklmNO abcdeFGhiJKLmNO aBcDEFgHijkLMno aBcdEFGhiJKlmNo ABcDeFGhIJKLmno
aBCdefGhIJKlmNo ABcDeFGhIJKlmnO AbcdEFghijKLMNo ABCDeFGhijklMNO abcDEFGhIJkLMNO
aBCDefghiJklmNo ABcDeFGhiJKLMNO aBcdEfGHIJklmNo ABcDEFGHIJkLMNO aBcDEfGHIJKLmno
abCDefGHijKLmnO abCDEfghIjKlMNo aBcDEfghIJkLMNO AbCdEfgHIJkLmno ABCDEfgHijkLmnO
ABcDEFGHiJKLMNO aBCDeFgHijKlmnO ABcdeFGHIjkLmnO AbCdEfGhijklMNo abCDEfgHiJKlmNO
aBCDefgHijKlMno abcDeFgHIJKlMno AbcdefGhIJkLmno ABCdeFGHIjkLMNo aBcdeFghIJklMno
ABCdEfGHIjkLMno ABCDEfGhijKLMnO ABcDEfGHIjklMNO abCDefGhIjkLmnO AbcdEfGhijKLMNO
abcdefGhijKlmno AbcDeFgHijKlmnO abCdeFGhIjkLMno abCdefGhIJKlMNO abcdEFGhIJklMnO
AbCdefgHIjkLmNO aBCdefGHiJKLMnO AbCdefgHiJklMno ABcDEfGhijkLmNO ABCdEfGHijKlMNO
ABCDEfGhIjKlMno abcdefgHiJkLmNo aBcDeFGhIJKlMno aBcDefGHIjklMNo ABCDefgHijklMNO
ABcdEfgHIjklmNo AbcdEfgHIJKLmno ABCDeFgHijklmno aBCdEfGhIjKlMno ABCDeFghIJKlMnO
abcDEfghijkLMno aBCDEfghIJkLMNo AbCDeFGhIJKlmNo ABCDEFGhiJklMno AbcdefgHIJkLmnO
AbCDEFghiJKLmNO ABCdefghiJKlMNO ABcdEfGhiJKLmno AbCdEFgHIJkLMNo ABcDEFgHIJKLMNO
AbCDEFgHIJKLmnO AbcDefGhijKlmNO AbCDEFgHIjKlmnO aBcdEFgHiJklmno ABCdefghiJklmnO
AbcDeFgHijklMnO ABcdEfgHiJklmNo abcDEfGHiJkLMNO abCDEfghiJKlmNo abcdeFGhIjKlMnO
abcdefgHIJKLmnO AbCdEFghIJKLmnO abCdEFGhijKlmNo aBCDEfghiJKLmNo abcdEfGhIjkLmno
aBCDEfGHIJKLMNo AbcdEFghIJKLmnO ABCdEFGhijKLMNO AbCdefGhijkLMNO ABCDEfghiJklMnO
ABcDefghijKLmno aBCDefghijKlMno abcDeFGHIjKlMNO AbcDEfgHIJkLMno abCdEFGhIJKlmnO
aBCDEfgHIjklMNO AbCdEFGhijKLmNO aBcdeFGHIjKLMnO AbcdeFghIJKlMno ABcDefgHIjkLMno
AbCDeFghIjklmNO ABcdEFgHIJKLMnO abcdeFGHijKLmnO aBCDEFGHIJKlMno abCdeFgHIjklMNO
aBCdEfghiJklMNo aBCDEfgHIjkLmno aBCDEfGhIjkLMNo AbcDEfghiJKlmNo abCDEfghiJkLmNO
aBCdefGHijklmNo AbCDeFghIJKLMno ABCdefgHijklmnO ABcDEFgHijKLmnO abcdeFghijkLMno
AbcDEfGhIJKlMNO abcdEFGhijkLmNO ABCdeFGHIJKlMNo AbCDeFgHiJKlmNO ABcDEFgHIjKlMNO
aBcdeFghIJKLmNO ABcdEFGHijKlmnO abcdEfGhijKlmNo ABCDeFGHiJklmnO abcDeFGHijklMnO
abCDEfghijklMNo AbCdeFGhIJklmno abCDeFGHijKLMNo ABCDeFgHiJKlMNO AbcDefGhIJkLmnO
ABCdeFGHijKlMno aBcDefGhiJKlmnO ABCDEFghijKlMNO AbcDEfGHIJKLmno abcdEFGHIjkLMno
AbcDefgHIJkLMNO aBcdeFGHIJkLmNO abcdefgHIJKlMnO ABCdefghIjklMNO ABcDeFGHiJKlMNO
AbcDEfgHiJkLmno abcDEfghIjKLmNo aBcDEfGhiJklMno AbCdEFGHijKlMNO abCDefgHIJKLMno
AbCdeFGHijklMno abCdefGHiJKLmno ABCdEFGhIjklMno abCDeFGHIjKLMNO aBCDEfGhIJKLmNo
aBCdEfGHijklmNo ABcdEFghijKLmNo abCdEFghijklMNo ABcDEFghijkLMno AbCdEfGhijKlMnO
abcdEfGhIjklMnO AbcdEfghIjKlmnO abCdeFGHijkLmNO aBcDEFGHIJklmNo aBCdefghIjKlMnO
abCDeFGhijKlMnO ABcDEFGhiJklmNO aBcdEfGhIjklmNO AbcDeFGhijkLmNO AbCDefGhIJklmNo
aBCDeFGHIjkLmNO ABcDefGHiJKLmno ABCDefghIJklMnO abCdEFGHIJkLMNO aBcDEFghIjKlMnO
aBCDEFGHijklMno abcDEfGhIJkLMNo abcdeFgHIjkLmNO abCDEfGhijKlmNO aBCDEfgHijKlmno
ABCdEFgHiJKlmno AbcDefGHIJkLMNo ABcDEFgHijKlMno abCdEfGHiJklmnO aBCDEFghiJklmNO
AbcdeFGHIjkLmNO AbCdefgHIjKLmno AbcDEFGhIjKLmnO abCDEFghIjKLMNo AbCdEfGhIJKLmno
abCdeFghIJkLMno abCDEfGHijKlmnO AbCDEFgHIjkLMNo ABCDEfGhIjKLmno aBcdeFGHiJKlmNO
abcdeFgHIJKLMno aBcDefGHijkLmnO AbCdeFghijKLmno AbCdeFgHiJklMno ABcdefghIjkLMNo
abCDefgHIjkLmno AbCDEfGhiJKLMno AbcDefGhIJKLmno aBCDeFghiJKlmnO aBcdefGhijklmNO
ABcdeFgHIjKLmno ABcDefGhIjkLMnO ABcDefGHIjkLMnO aBCDeFGHIjKlmnO AbcDeFGHIjkLMNo
abcdefgHiJkLMno aBCdeFGhIJkLMNo aBcDefGHIjKlMNo AbcDeFGHIjkLmNo AbcdeFGhIjKLMnO
ABCdEFGHIjKlMnO aBCDefGHiJkLMNo aBcDeFgHiJkLMNo abcdEfghijKlmno AbcDeFGhIjklMno
AbCDeFGHIJKlmNO aBcDeFGHIJklmNO abCDEfGHijKlMNO AbCdEFgHIJkLMnO ABcdEfgHiJKlmNo
ABCdEFghIjKlMNo aBCdEFGhiJKLmno aBCdEfghIJKLMno AbcDEfGhIJKlmnO aBCDeFgHiJkLMNO
abcDefgHiJKlMNO aBcdefGhiJkLMnO abcdeFgHIjKlmnO AbcdeFghIjklMNO aBcdefGHiJKlmno
ABcDeFgHiJKLmnO AbCdEFGhIJkLmno ABcdefgHiJKLmno aBcDeFgHijKLMno ABCDeFgHijKlMnO
AbCDeFgHiJKlMNO abcDEfghIjKLmNO ABcdEFgHIJkLmnO aBCDEFghIJKlmNo ABCDEFgHijklMnO
AbCdefGHijKLMNO abcdefgHIjklMNo abCDEfgHIJKLMno ABCdEfgHiJkLMNo aBCdefghIjKlmno
AbCdEfgHiJKlMnO aBcDEFghIJKlMNO aBCDEFGhIjKLmno aBCdEFGhIJklmno ABcDEfgHIJkLmnO
abcDefgHijKlmNO abcdEFGHijKLmno aBCdefgHijKLmnO ABCdefGhIjKLMNo ABcDEFgHiJklMNO
AbcDefgHIJKLmNo AbcdEFGhIjklmno AbCdEFGhIJKLMnO abcDeFGhIjKlMNo abCDEfGHIJKlmNO
abCDEfGHiJkLmNo abCdEFGhIjKlmNO ABcDEfGhIJKlmNO abCdEFghijKlmnO ABCdEFGHiJklmno
ABCDeFghIjkLMNo ABcDEFghiJKLmNO aBCdeFGhIJkLmno AbcdEFGhIjKLMno aBcDEfghIJklMno
AbCDeFghijKLMNo ABCDeFGhIjKLMnO AbCDEfghIJKLmNo ABcDeFgHiJklmNO abCDeFghiJKlmNO
AbCDeFgHIjKLMNo aBcDEFGhijKLMNo aBcDefgHijkLMno AbCdEfGHijKlmno AbCdeFGhiJKLmno
AbCdEFghIjKlMnO AbCDEfgHijklmnO aBCDefghIjKlmno abCDeFGhIjkLMNo AbcdefgHijKLmno

If you want to count any or all of that up yourself, go ahead, but I recommend sticking with letting the spreadsheet do the work. (Another way to count individual combinations is with the "search" or "find" feature in a word processor, but that would only work for one pair of alleles at a time, so you'd need to do it at least 315 times.) The result is the same kind of table you just saw above, just bigger:

257|251|261|252|267|243|272|269|254|277|273|263|236|257| A |257|263|253|262|247|271|242|245|260|237|241|251|278|257
|246|271|259|259|246|260|255|247|270|236|257|238|239| B | |256|231|243|243|256|242|247|255|232|266|245|264|263
| |263| 248 |260|246|257|256|244|261|236|256|241|245| C | | |239| 254 |242|256|245|246|258|241|266|246|261|257
| | |260|258|245|262|271|244|281|261|264|260|269| D | | | |259|261|274|257|248|275|238|258|255|259|250
| | | |244|245|245|252|226|281|250|261|236|237| E | | | | |252|251|251|244|270|215|246|235|260|259
| | | | |249|260|274|243|277|263|278|240|250| F | | | | | |266|255|241|272|238|252|237|275|265
| | | | | |250|253|233|259|246|250|241|227| G | | | | | | |236|233|253|227|240|236|245|259
| | | | | | |275|247|273|273|269|249|265| H | | | | | | | |247|275|249|249|253|273|257
| | | | | | | |268|272|270|268|247|255| I | | | | | | | | |268|250|252|254|275|267
| | | | | | | | |234|255|232|226|235| J | | | | | | | | | |234|228|251|257|248
| | | | | | | | | |276|260|255|264| K | | | | | | | | | | |276|272|277|268
| | | | | | | | | | |237|244|246| L | | | | | | | | | | | |237|265|263
| | | | | | | | | | | |247|240| M | | | | | | | | | | | | |265|272
| | | | | | | | | | | | |238| N | | | | | | | | | | | | | |244
B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | • | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
245|251|258|244|248|243|250|253|229|255|236|249|246|228| a |241|235|228|242|238|243|236|233|257|231|250|237|240|258
|256|248|237|256|240|262|267|236|262|273|255|244|246| b | |242|250|261|242|258|236|231|262|236|225|243|254|252
| |256| 248 |255|240|265|266|239|271|273|256|241|240| c | | |242| 250 |243|258|233|232|259|227|225|242|257|258
| | |236|257|241|260|251|239|251|248|248|222|216| d | | | |245|224|240|221|230|242|230|233|233|259|265
| | | |271|241|277|270|257|251|259|251|246|248| e | | | | |233|263|227|234|247|253|245|253|258|256
| | | | |237|262|248|240|255|246|234|242|235| f | | | | | |248|223|237|245|230|239|251|243|250
| | | | | |272|269|250|273|263|262|241|258| g | | | | | | |242|245|264|241|251|252|273|256
| | | | | | |247|236|259|236|243|233|220| h | | | | | | | |231|242|219|242|235|245|258
| | | | | | | |229|260|239|244|235|230| i | | | | | | | | |249|218|239|234|243|248
| | | | | | | | |283|254|280|256|250| j | | | | | | | | | |234|263|237|261|267
| | | | | | | | | |253|252|227|221| k | | | | | | | | | | |215|216|241|247
| | | | | | | | | | |240|238|239| l | | | | | | | | | | | |251|253|252
| | | | | | | | | | | |235|245| m | | | | | | | | | | | | |253|243
| | | | | | | | | | | | |247| n | | | | | | | | | | | | | |271

Notice once again that the same basics still apply. Any set of four counterpart cells (like CE/Ce/cE/ce in red again) still adds up to the number of individuals in the population, and the average around which the cells' individual values center is still a fourth of that. Using the larger numbers might make that easier to see because it's less subject to random deviations from average (the classic statistical sample size issue). Not all cells are equally close to 250, but you won't find any that are closer to either 0 or 500 (or more) than they are to 250. If there were any, then something different and non-random would be going on (in the actual population/data, not in how you're looking at them), that made them that way.

Now let's try another new population of the same size with the same genome length:

Code: 
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AbcDeFGhijkLMno aBCDeFGHiJklMnO abCdeFgHiJKlmno abCDeFGhIJkLMno aBcDEFGHIJkLMNo
ABCDEfGHijklMno ABcDEFgHIJKlmnO AbcDEfGHIjklMno ABCDefGhIjklMNO AbCdefgHiJklmNO
ABcdeFgHIjKLmnO abcdEFghijKlmno aBcDeFGhIjklMNo abcDEFGHiJklMnO abcdEfghIjKlMNo
aBCdEFghIJKlmnO aBcDeFGhiJkLMno abCdefghiJKlmNO aBCDEfGhIJklMnO aBcDeFGhijklMNo
abcdeFghIjKlmNO AbCdeFgHIJKlmNo AbCdEfghiJKlmno AbCdEfgHIJKlmNO ABCdeFgHijKlmnO
abcDEfGHijkLMnO aBcdeFghiJKlmno AbCDEfGHiJklMno AbCdEFghIjKLmno ABcDefGhijklMNo
ABcdEFgHIJKLmnO AbCdEfgHIJKlmnO ABcDEfGhijklMnO abcDEfGhijklMno AbCdEfghIjKlmNo
AbCDefGhiJkLMnO abCDeFGHIjklmnO aBcDefGHijklMNo abcdEfgHIjKLmNO aBCDefGhIJklMno
aBCdEfghIjKlmNo aBCDefGHIjklMno ABcdefghIJKLmNo aBCdeFghIjKLmnO abcDEFgHIjkLMNo
ABcdEFghIjKLmno abcDefGHijklMnO ABCDEFGhiJklMNO aBcDEFGhIJkLMnO aBcdeFgHijKLmNO
aBCDEfGhijkLMNo ABcdefGhijKlmno abcdeFgHIjKLmno ABCDEFGHIjkLMnO ABcdEfgHiJKlmNO
abcDEFghiJKlmNo abCDefGhiJkLMnO AbCdefgHIjKLmnO ABCdefgHiJKlmnO abCDEFGhijklMnO
abCDEfGhIJklmNo aBCdEFghijKLmNO ABCdeFghIjKlmno aBCdeFghijKlmNO AbcdeFgHiJKLmno
ABcDefGHiJkLMnO abCDEFGhIjkLMNo abcDefGHijklMno abcDeFGhIjkLMnO ABcDEFGhIjklMNo
abcdefgHiJKlmNo AbCDEFGHijkLmNo AbcdefGhIjKlmNO abcDefGhiJklMno aBCDefGHiJKlMNo
aBcdEFGHIJKlmnO AbcDeFGHiJkLMnO ABCdeFgHijKlmNo AbcdEFghijKLmno abCdEFgHIjKlmNO
aBcdEfghIjKLmnO abcDefGhIJkLMnO AbCDEFGhIjkLMNo abcdEFghIJKLmNO AbcDefGHIJKlMNO
aBCDEFGHIjklMNO aBCDEfGHiJklMno abcDefGhijkLMno ABCDefGhIJklMnO AbCdeFgHIjKlmnO
aBcdeFgHiJKLmNo aBcDeFghIJKlmno aBCDEfGHijkLMNo AbcdEFghiJKLmNO AbCdEfghIjKLmNO
abcDefGHijkLMNo aBCDeFGHijklMNo AbcDeFGhIJkLMnO ABcdEfghijKlmnO aBCDefGHIjkLMNo
AbcDEfGHijklMNO AbCdEfghIjKlmNo ABCDeFGhijklMno ABcDEFGHIJkLMNo abCdEFghIJKLmNO
abCDefGhIjklMNO ABCdEFghiJKlmNo AbcdEFgHiJKLmNo abCDefGHIJklMno ABcDeFghiJKlmnO
AbcdeFgHijKlmNo aBCDEFGhiJklMno AbCdefgHIjKlmnO abCdEfghiJKLmno ABcDeFghijKlmNO
abcdEfgHIJKLmnO abCDefGHiJklMNO ABCdEfgHijKLmnO AbCDEFGhIjkLMNo abcDEfGHijklMNo
aBcdEFghIJKlmnO AbcdEfghIJKLmnO aBcdefghijKlmnO ABCdEfgHiJKLmNO AbCdeFghijKLmNO
aBCDEfGHIJklMNO aBCdEFgHiJKlmnO ABCDEfGhIJklMno AbCDeFGHiJkLMNo AbcDefGhiJkLMnO
ABCDEFGHIjklMNO AbCDefGHiJkLMNO aBCdEFghiJKlmNO abcDEfGhiJkLMNO AbcdeFghIJKLmNo
abCDEfgHijKLmNo aBCdefghijKlmno AbcdefgHIjKlmNO AbcdeFghIJKlmNO aBcDEfGhIjklMNo
AbCDEfGHijkLMNo AbCDefghijkLMNO AbCdeFgHIjKLmNo aBcDefGHijkLMnO aBcDeFGHiJklMNo
AbcDEFGhijkLMNo ABcdeFghIJKLmNO ABcDEFGhIjkLMnO aBcdeFghijKLmnO AbcDefGHIjklMno
AbCdeFghiJKlmNO aBcdefghIJKlmNo aBcDeFGHijkLMNo AbcDEfGhiJklMNo ABcdefghIJKLmnO
aBcDeFGHIjkLMNo AbcdefghIJKlmno AbcDefGHIJklMNO ABcDEfGHiJklMno aBcDeFGhijklMno
AbCdEFGHiJKLmno AbCdEfGHijkLMnO AbCdeFghIjKLmNo aBCdefgHijKLmnO aBCdeFghiJKLMNO
AbCdEFghijKLmnO abCdefgHIjKLmNo AbcDEFGHijklMnO ABcDeFGhIjklMnO ABcDeFGHIJkLMnO
abcDeFGhijklMnO AbcdEfgHijKlmno AbcdEfgHiJKlmNO AbcDEFGhIJklMnO aBcDefgHiJKLmNo
aBcDeFGhiJkLMnO abcdefghiJKLmNo aBcdeFghIjKLmNo abCDeFGHiJklMNO aBCdEFghijKLmnO

And here's how many of everything are in there:

252|257|252|257|258|248|250|284|246|260|243|244|236|257| A |251|246|251|246|245|255|253|219|257|243|260|259|267|246
|254|256|254|272|244|252|266|257|266|254|241|232|248| B | |256|254|256|238|266|258|244|253|244|256|269|278|262
| |261|262|251|255|245|268|264|262|258|251|262|248| C | | |249|248|259|255|265|242|246|248|252|259|248|262
| | |269|250|497|257|292|253|36|272|497|274|256| D | | | |261|280|33|273|238|277|494|258|33|256|274
| | | |254|263|238|282|235|247|241|263|243|241| E | | | | |256|247|272|228|275|263|269|247|267|269
| | | | |243|241|274|244|265|264|240|251|239| F | | | | | |260|262|229|259|238|239|263|252|264
| | | | | |253|282|243|30|267|488|260|251| G | | | | | | |263|234|273|486|249|28|256|265
| | | | | | |266|236|235|239|244|236|236| H | | | | | | | |218|248|249|245|240|248|248
| | | | | | | |276|259|277|280|264|262| I | | | | | | | | |276|278|260|257|273|275
| | | | | | | | |240|258|246|241|234| J | | | | | | | | | |240|233|245|250|257
| | | | | | | | | |246|26|233|240| K | | | | | | | | | | |246|464|257|250
| | | | | | | | | | |241|253|245| L | | | | | | | | | | | |241|252|260
| | | | | | | | | | | |262|246| M | | | | | | | | | | | | |249|265
| | | | | | | | | | | | |232| N | | | | | | | | | | | | | |261
B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | • | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
258|253|278|253|245|268|234|253|245|230|262|267|257|226| a |239|244|219|244|252|229|263|244|252|267|235|230|240|271
|256|274|256|231|272|232|271|234|224|251|270|261|235| b | |234|216|234|259|218|258|219|256|266|239|220|229|255
| |269|248|252|261|239|269|227|228|247|260|231|235| c | | |221|242|238|229|251|221|263|262|243|230|259|255
| | |241|253|19|227|245|238|454|233|14|219|227| d | | | |229|217|451|243|225|232|16|237|456|251|243
| | | |249|253|246|255|256|243|264|248|250|242| e | | | | |241|237|244|235|234|247|226|242|240|248
| | | | |273|243|263|247|225|241|271|242|244| f | | | | | |224|254|234|250|272|256|226|255|253
| | | | | |231|255|248|460|238|23|233|232| g | | | | | | |253|229|236|24|246|461|251|252
| | | | | | |271|255|255|266|267|257|247| h | | | | | | | |245|261|261|250|249|259|269
| | | | | | | |230|231|228|231|229|221| i | | | | | | | | |233|232|235|232|234|242
| | | | | | | | |239|247|265|252|249| j | | | | | | | | | |270|262|244|257|260
| | | | | | | | | |261|485|260|243| k | | | | | | | | | | |249|25|250|267
| | | | | | | | | | |247|240|238| l | | | | | | | | | | | |248|255|257
| | | | | | | | | | | |231|237| m | | | | | | | | | | | | |258|252
| | | | | | | | | | | | |251| n | | | | | | | | | | | | | |256

Now what do you see?

To be continued...
 
One more quick drop before I head out again for the day...

Delvo said:
Not all cells are equally close to 250, but you won't find any that are closer to either 0 or 500 (or more) than they are to 250. If there were any, then something different and non-random would be going on (in the actual population/data, not in how you're looking at them), that made them that way.
Click to expand...
That's the key right there. If a species truly has never divided, so it's all one big homogenous gene pool, then there should be no particular combination of alleles that's proportionally more common or less common than its alternatives. Out of a thousand individuals, with every pair of alleles having a 25% chance, that means the numbers should all hang around 250. And in the first population of 1000 I posted here, they did. But in the second one, there are conspicuous outliers. All you have to do is find the ones that don't stick so close to 250 like the rest do. There aren't any to find in the first large table I posted last time, but the second does have some, so here it is again, using exactly the same numbers but just making the relevant ones easier to spot:

252|257|252|257|258|248|250|284|246|260|243|244|236|257| A |251|246|251|246|245|255|253|219|257|243|260|259|267|246
|254|256|254|272|244|252|266|257|266|254|241|232|248| B | |256|254|256|238|266|258|244|253|244|256|269|278|262
| |261|262|251|255|245|268|264|262|258|251|262|248| C | | |249|248|259|255|265|242|246|248|252|259|248|262
| | |269|250| 497 |257|292|253| 36 |272| 497 |274|256| D | | | |261|280| 33 |273|238|277| 494 |258| 33 |256|274
| | | |254|263|238|282|235|247|241|263|243|241| E | | | | |256|247|272|228|275|263|269|247|267|269
| | | | |243|241|274|244|265|264|240|251|239| F | | | | | |260|262|229|259|238|239|263|252|264
| | | | | |253|282|243| 30 |267| 488 |260|251| G | | | | | | |263|234|273| 486 |249| 28 |256|265
| | | | | | |266|236|235|239|244|236|236| H | | | | | | | |218|248|249|245|240|248|248
| | | | | | | |276|259|277|280|264|262| I | | | | | | | | |276|278|260|257|273|275
| | | | | | | | |240|258|246|241|234| J | | | | | | | | | |240|233|245|250|257
| | | | | | | | | |246| 26 |233|240| K | | | | | | | | | | |246| 464 |257|250
| | | | | | | | | | |241|253|245| L | | | | | | | | | | | |241|252|260
| | | | | | | | | | | |262|246| M | | | | | | | | | | | | |249|265
| | | | | | | | | | | | |232| N | | | | | | | | | | | | | |261
B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | • | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o
258|253|278|253|245|268|234|253|245|230|262|267|257|226| a |239|244|219|244|252|229|263|244|252|267|235|230|240|271
|256|274|256|231|272|232|271|234|224|251|270|261|235| b | |234|216|234|259|218|258|219|256|266|239|220|229|255
| |269|248|252|261|239|269|227|228|247|260|231|235| c | | |221|242|238|229|251|221|263|262|243|230|259|255
| | |241|253| 19 |227|245|238| 454 |233| 14 |219|227| d | | | |229|217| 451 |243|225|232| 16 |237| 456 |251|243
| | | |249|253|246|255|256|243|264|248|250|242| e | | | | |241|237|244|235|234|247|226|242|240|248
| | | | |273|243|263|247|225|241|271|242|244| f | | | | | |224|254|234|250|272|256|226|255|253
| | | | | |231|255|248| 460 |238| 23 |233|232| g | | | | | | |253|229|236| 24 |246| 461 |251|252
| | | | | | |271|255|255|266|267|257|247| h | | | | | | | |245|261|261|250|249|259|269
| | | | | | | |230|231|228|231|229|221| i | | | | | | | | |233|232|235|232|234|242
| | | | | | | | |239|247|265|252|249| j | | | | | | | | | |270|262|244|257|260
| | | | | | | | | |261| 485 |260|243| k | | | | | | | | | | |249| 25 |250|267
| | | | | | | | | | |247|240|238| l | | | | | | | | | | | |248|255|257
| | | | | | | | | | | |231|237| m | | | | | | | | | | | | |258|252
| | | | | | | | | | | | |251| n | | | | | | | | | | | | | |256
Now, how did they get like that?...
 
Delvo said:
One more quick drop before I head out again for the day...

That's the key right there. If a species truly has never divided, so it's all one big homogenous gene pool, then there should be no particular combination of alleles that's proportionally more common or less common than its alternatives. Out of a thousand individuals, with every pair of alleles having a 25% chance, that means the numbers should all hang around 250. And in the first population of 1000 I posted here, they did. But in the second one, there are conspicuous outliers. All you have to do is find the ones that don't stick so close to 250 like the rest do.....
Click to expand...
So people with blue eyes are a different race than people with brown eyes because the populations are not evenly distributed? And the 5% of people of European descent and the ~25% of Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews with the CCR5-Delta32 allele are a unique race?

Alleles are not homogeneously distributed within populations currently considered the same race. I don't think your underlying premise (which I bolded) is correct.
 
Last edited:
Here you go, evidence different eye and hair colors equal different races:

Forensic test can predict hair and eye colour from DNA
Scientists have developed a forensic test that can predict both the hair and eye colour of a possible suspect using DNA left at a crime scene.

The test system includes the six DNA markers previously used in a test for eye colour known as Irisplex, combining them with predictive markers for hair.

In the study, the authors used Hirisplex to predict hair colour phenotypes in a sample drawn from three European populations.

On average, their prediction accuracy was 69.5% for blonde hair, 78.5% for brown, 80% for red and 87.5% for black hair colour.

Analysis on worldwide DNA samples suggested the results were similar regardless of a person's geographic ancestry.
Click to expand...


And look, here's more proof race is a legitimate biological taxonomy, we can find your family lineage. That's proof of race divisions, right.
The team was also able to determine, with a prediction accuracy of about 86%, whether a brown-eyed, black haired person was of non-European versus European origin (excluding some nearby areas such as the Middle East).
Click to expand...
Oh, wait, which family lineages are distinct races and which are family lineages within the same race?
 
bpesta22 said:
No, I think you agree that at least skin color (and probably bone structure, and maybe resistance to certain types of disease) has a non-social basis.
Click to expand...

The groupings based on skin color are almost entirely social. We know this because there are multiple examples of dark skinned populations that are more closely related to light skinned populations than they are to other dark skinned populations.

If the grouping were based on genetics they would look like this
Group 1 (LS population, DS population 1) Group 2 (DS population 2)

If the groupings were social in nature you would expect them to track visible features resulting in:
Group 1 (LS population) Group2 (DS population 1, DS population 2)

What we see, in fact is that the advocates of race near universally use the second grouping.
 
Skeptic Ginger said:
So people with blue eyes are a different race than people with brown eyes because the populations are not evenly distributed? And the 5% of people of European descent and the ~25% of Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews with the CCR5-Delta32 allele are a unique race?

Alleles are not homogeneously distributed within populations currently considered the same race. I don't think your underlying premise (which I bolded) is correct.
Click to expand...

Also, if you take a small but random subset of individuals from a homogenous gene pool you expect that at least some differences in the allele distribution between that subset and the population as a whole. This is the basis for the founder effect.
 
Skeptic Ginger said:
So people with blue eyes are a different race than people with brown eyes because the populations are not evenly distributed? And the 5% of people of European descent and the ~25% of Lithuanian Ashkenazi Jews with the CCR5-Delta32 allele are a unique race?
Click to expand...
Yes, the claim you're arguing against must be totally the same thing as what I'm saying, because they both have the word(s) "allele(s)" in them somewhere! Exactly!

lomiller said:
The groupings based on skin color are almost entirely social. We know this because there are multiple examples of dark skinned populations that are more closely related to light skinned populations than they are to other dark skinned populations.
Click to expand...
This is true, and would be a good counter to someone claiming that races are about skin color alone, nothing else. But in what obscure corner of the world are you claiming to have ever encountered such a bizarre individual? Whoever it is that you're arguing against, (s)he isn't here, so there's no sense in continuing to treat anyone who is here as if we were him/her. He/she is like demons, or the Nazis hiding behind every bush in political debates: I keep seeing them being talked about by people who put themselves in opposition to them, but no evidence of their actual existence.
 
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