Patentable device to destroy the universe?

And once again, applications are not judged on how silly they are. They are judged on novelty and obviousness. That's basically it. Could be stupid, silly, essentially useless (essentially), but if it hasn't been done before and follows all the statutes and rules, it's patentable.

Don't the statues include "utility" as a basis for judgement? (In this case, "the statutes" would include 35 U.S.C. 101, which specifies that an invention must be "useful.") A completely inoperative invention would therefore be unpatentable.

There's a big difference between "silly" and "inoperative." One of the fundamental principles of US patent law is that you have to be able to do yourself what you want the patent office to prevent others from doing.


Don't like it? Not our problem. We're part of the executive branch, and we don't create the laws. If you don't want more silly patents, write your congressman. He or she can do something about it.

Bullfrog. The statutes state that an invention must be useful to be patented. If you are in fact a US patent examiner, I charge you with dereliction of duty.
 
Fiction certainly counts. An acquaintance of mine at the office once used an X-Men comic book as prior art.


Now that is a story you simply must share. At least as much as you're allowed to, considering the requirements of the law regarding unpublished applications [/RedTape]



As far as granting a patent? Patents are not granted, they are issued. And not by the examiners. All the examiner does is reject or allow the application. An examiner does not finalize the issuance of a patent, we just determine whether one should be allowed to be issued.

As far as who actually does the issuing, I haven't been around long enough to find out. Someone upstairs.


I suspect this is too detailed a distintion for most people outside the office. We have the same set up in Canada, but for all practical purposes, if I've done my job right, once I've allowed the patent, it's automatically issued, once the final fee has been paid. Only in exceptional circumstances is there a futher review. While there is a pertty big legal distinction between allowed and issued, for non-patent people, I suspect it's mostly academic.
 
Don't the statues include "utility" as a basis for judgement? (In this case, "the statutes" would include 35 U.S.C. 101, which specifies that an invention must be "useful.") A completely inoperative invention would therefore be unpatentable.

There's a big difference between "silly" and "inoperative." One of the fundamental principles of US patent law is that you have to be able to do yourself what you want the patent office to prevent others from doing.




Bullfrog. The statutes state that an invention must be useful to be patented. If you are in fact a US patent examiner, I charge you with dereliction of duty.


The problem is, the statutes aren't the end of the story. Examiners are also constrained by the jurisprudence, which interprets the laws. And in some cases, the judges make rulings that most people would find quite odd.

In the case of "utility", there is some support for the notion that an "economic utility" is sufficient to qualify as utility under the act. That is, if someone is willing to pay for it, it's assumed to have some utility to that person. Of course, this presupposes that consumers are all rational actors, which we know isn't the case, but we can't just ignore these rules.

The Examiner is just the first line of defence. We're not supposed to interpret the law, we're supposed to apply it as we've been instructed. We have some wiggle room, but not as much as you'd expect, and the people who are trying to get fraudulent patents know this, and know how to work the system to force the issue of a bad patent.
 
The problem is, the statutes aren't the end of the story. Examiners are also constrained by the jurisprudence, which interprets the laws. And in some cases, the judges make rulings that most people would find quite odd.

So the current state of the law is that even errant nonsense must be patented as long as it's novel?

All right, here's my invention. it's a medical diagnostic device, which I made from a toilet paper tube and a can of spray paint. You look through it and it tells you the current state of health of the person you're looking at.

Are you telling me that you have no basis whatsoever for rejecting this patent, as long as I picked a unique paint color?
 
So the current state of the law is that even errant nonsense must be patented as long as it's novel?

All right, here's my invention. it's a medical diagnostic device, which I made from a toilet paper tube and a can of spray paint. You look through it and it tells you the current state of health of the person you're looking at.

Are you telling me that you have no basis whatsoever for rejecting this patent, as long as I picked a unique paint color?



Did you miss the bit where they patented a stick?


It's actually not as bad as that. There has to be some effort at producing an apparatus that someone would actually buy, so your invention probably wouldn't pass muster. But yes, there are some things that we'd consider to be "errant nonsense" that are very difficult to refuse. Brown has linked to a few examples in these threads, and a search of the patent databases will turn up others.

Part of the problem is the examiner has to have an articulable reason for rejecting an application, and that rejection has to be based on the facts, and the law. Just saying, "I don't believe it will work" isn't sufficient, you have to be able to support that belief. Doing that is quite often very difficult.

And example of that is the Motionless Electromagnetic Generator that Randi has mentioned before. They present a bogus "theory" that explains why it doesn't violate conservation of energy, and debunking that theory takes some pretty serious physics. I've seen a paper that one fellow put out that did just that, but it was way beyond the level of analysis that an examiner can put into a typical application. That's another part of the problem - at the end of the day, we have a job to do, and every day I spend trying to debunk the one bad application in a thousand, is a day I don't spend allowing patents for real inventions.

How much extra time should a legitimate inventor wait for their patent, while we deal with the frauds? It sucks to have to make these trade-offs, but in the end, we do have to do just that. These patents aren't going to allow themselves, you know! ;)
 
News flash! Proving obviousness in the US got easier on April 30 of this year, when the Supreme Court handed down an opinion that opened the door to several avenues of obviousness analysis. Although the Court didn't specifically say so, one of the permitted avenues of analysis seems to be the "inventive step" analysis applied by many other jurisdictions.

I made mention to this Supreme Court case, and provided a link to it, in the other thread.

Obviousness still has a specialized legal meaning, and it's more than just an ordinary guy putting his hand on his hip and saying "Looks kinda obvious to me." No, you have to look at it from the point of view of a hypothetical person: "one having ordinary skill in the art." Would this hypothetical person think it was obvious?

Basically, the lowly examiners take a look at what has been done before, and compare it to what is described in the patent application. To be nonobvious, the claimed invention has to be obvious from the point of view of the hypothetical person "having ordinary skill in the art." Maybe it would be obvious because the purported inventor is making a simple substitution of one element for another (e.g., replacing a plastic stopper with a silicone stopper of basically the same size, shape and elasticity). Maybe it would be obvious because the problem is well-known, and various solutions to similar problems are equally well-known. Maybe it would be obvious because there were clear market-driven technological trends going in that direction anyway, so following the trend is obvious. (This was the analysis the Supreme Court used.) Maybe it was obvious because the resulting invention has no emergent properties. (Sure, nobody's ever combined a golf tee with a toothpick by gluing the two together, but the toothpick doesn't do anything with respect to the function of the tee, or vice versa.) Maybe it would be obvious because someone previously suggested the combination, even if he didn't describe it specifically or in detail.

What an examiner is NOT supposed to do is look at the patent application, and say, "Now that I know how it's done, it would have been obvious." This is called a "hindsight-based" analysis, and it is basically using an inventor's own document against him.

It is very easy to see how examiners can get caught up in a hindsight-based analysis. Some of them suffer from chronic hindsight. What I'd like to do, if I ever had to have another meeting with an examiner in Washington DC, and if this examiner tried to lay some hindsight-based obviousness crap on me, I'd show him a magic trick.

Really, I would. I'd show him a magic trick.

And I'd say, "That's a pretty good trick, isn't it? Want to know how it's done?" The examiner would almost certainly want to know how it's done, and I'd tell him. The secret would be simple. Sickeningly simple. The examiner would feel like a dope for falling for the trick.

And then I'd pose the question: "Knowing now that the trick was really, really simple, and knowing what you know now, was ... it ... obvious?"

And then I'd argue that my client's invention wasn't obvious, either, for basically the same reason. When an examiner knows how something is done, the examiner has to think back to the state of knowledge before reading the patent application that explained how it was done.

You state a good case.

So look how obvious the weed wacker was. :)
 
So the current state of the law is that even errant nonsense must be patented as long as it's novel?

All right, here's my invention. it's a medical diagnostic device, which I made from a toilet paper tube and a can of spray paint. You look through it and it tells you the current state of health of the person you're looking at.
In case you haven't seen this in the other thread, you don't need no stinkin' toilet paper tube. There's a patent for just using your fingers. Here's a link to the patent on the USPTO web site, and in case you don't have a TIFF viewer to see the drawings, here's a link that you can see with Adobe. Or just look at the write-up at this web site. Here's the patented procedure at work:
homeopathic_xray.GIF


In this thread and this thread, I discuss several aspects of utility, silliness and scientific nonsense.

Many years ago, I learned of an very interesting patent for an invention that is now widely in use. My apologies in advance, but I am going to have to be a little vague in the details. Anyway, a patent was issued for this very "useful" invention.

Except that this invention didn't work. It was intended to be used outdoors, under rugged conditions, in variations of temperature, in a dirty environment. And the apparatus was so sensitive to disturbance and contamination that it just didn't work. Oh, the invention COULD work on paper, and maybe it COULD work in a clean laboratory under carefully controlled conditions when all the planets lined up just so, but otherwise, the thing didn't work worth a damn. It certainly wasn't suitable for the marketplace.

Still, the patent was valid. The IDEA certainly was useful (as I mentioned, it's in wide use today) and the actual product could conceivably work under very narrow conditions (although they were not the rugged conditions contemplated by the inventor)... but from a patentability point of view, it met the standard of "utility."

After the patent was issued, a series of other inventors took the basic idea, improved on it, and solved basically all the problems that eluded the orignal inventor (and they all got their own patents). That's why the invention is in wide use today.

For mechanical and electrical inventions, the standard for proving utility is very, very low. For chemical patents, it's a different story. If you create a new chemical that no one's ever discovered before, and if you try to get a patent, the examiner is basically going to say: "That's very nice, but what does it DO?"
 
You could say that even though no explicit examination is done in issuing a copyright, an "examination" of sorts is implicit in the process, in the sense that a copyright would not be issued to a work that duplicated another work, and *somewhere* that judgement is being made. It is on this level that I'm applying the analogy.
Well, first of all, for the most part, copyright is mostly automatic. For instance, the bottom of every single page of this forum says "© 2001-2007, James Randi Educational Foundation. All Rights Reserved." Is every single one of the thousands of pages examined? Of course not. According to current law, your work is copyrighted as soon as you create it, regardless of whether you receive official recognition. Secondly, copyright does in fact apply to derivative works. For instance, suppose Michael Crichton writes a book. He owns the copyright to the book. Now suppose I read the book aloud, and record myself doing so. I own the copyright to the recording. However, it's a derivative work, which means that I cannot sell it without MC's permission. But that doesn't obviate my copyright; while MC could sue me if I sold the recording, *I* could sue him if he sold it without my permission. He can't just say "oh, this is a copy of my own work, so I own the rights to it". Because the recording involves two copyrights, his for writing, and mine for reading it, selling it requires the permission of both of us.

The specification representing the invention, assuming it makes it through the examination process, becomes the patent document which is issued, and represents the patent for the invention.
No, it represents the invention.

Since the successful application, and the subsequent patent document, is isomorphic to the legally-defined invention, I use the terms interchangably in this particular context.
And once again you resort to simply repeating your premises. Yes, I realize that you think they are interchangeable (or, at least, I suspected it). That is why I brought it up in the first place. When I point out that your argument is flawed due to an error, simply asserting that it is not an error does nothing to advance the discussion other than to confirm that you are indeed in error.

An invention, and a patent protecting that document, are two entirely different entities, as piece of land, and a deed to that land are different entities. And it appears that "isomorphic" is another word that must be added to the list of words that you do not understand.

I explain this above, in responding to the infinitely more civil Horatius.
No, you addressed the approval of copyrights, not the approval of books. While you apparently believe that these are “isomorphic”, it should be eminently clear that I do not, and thus your refusal to address this distinction shows an unwillingness to engage my argument.

We may still disagree, but he's polite about it. What I cannot understand is why you chose to come out the gate acting like a (rule 8).
You are the one being impolite, not me. My first response to you consisted of
That's a ridiculous analogy. A better analogy would be if I were to copyright the phrase "that's a ridiculous analogy", then sue everyone who says that my analogies are ridiculous.

There's a saying "I'd rather have a hundred guilty men go free than one innocent man go to jail." Similarly, one bad patent can be worse than a hundred valid ones being rejected. Remember what a patent is. A patent means "Now the patent holder can sic the entire legal system on anyone who tries to compete with them." That an awesome amount of power, it should be taken seriously.
You call that “com[ing] out the gate acting like a (rule 8)”?
Your response to me was
Nope. 'Tain't. You've just missed the point. Context is everything.
Rather than actually presenting a counterargument, you arrogantly declared me wrong.
Despite that, I explained in more detail how you were wrong.
To that, you responded by declaring this a “waste [of] time”, suggesting that you wished to shoot me and that I had attacked your honor, repeating your argument rather than addressing mine, implying that I was an idiot for not agreeing with you, then implying that my continued dissent was due to mendacity, and finally declaring the matter closed in a supercilious manner. To your appalling deficiencies in both manners and argumentation, I have been rather restrained. Civility does not demand that one allow rudeness, ignorance, and nonproductive rhetoric to remain unremarked upon.

Straw man. Where did I say this?
Oh, please. First you criticize me for not “reading between the lines”, then you accuse me of dishonesty because I make a declaration entirely supported by your posts. “Patent” and “book” fulfilled analogous roles in your analogy. Therefore, you were presenting them as being analogous.

Nope. We don't create a patent. We grant a patent.
Yet more mere gainsaying.

The patent is assumed to exist already, as soon the inventor invents an invention.
No, the patent is a legal creation. It doesn’t exist until the authorities create it.

What the examination process does is verify, to the best of our ability, and through an imperfect system, that a true invention, and therefore a valid patent, has been created.
You are using the word “patent” in a manner completely incompatible with its actual meaning. Apparently, you heard the word, made a wild guess as to what it means, then convinced yourself that your wild guess was somehow the authoritative definition.

Thus, the inventor actually "creates" the patent. It is on this point that your criticism fails.
The mere fact that you insist that I am wrong does not mean that my criticism fails. Simply asserting your premise, then following with the word “thus” is just silly. It implies that you are proving your position from some basic principles, when in fact the only think you have to back up your position is.. your position. This fallacy is known as “begging the question”.

Now, if you intend to continue your misguided nitpicking, I would ask that you cool down your rhetoric.
The entire subject of this thread is the issue of patents. You don’t know what the word “patent” means. Pointing out that someone doesn’t know what the central term of the thread even means is the very opposite of a “nitpick”.

Yep, we might quibble a bit about language -- I would argue, for example, that the act of issuing a patent is just formally recognizing that a patent.
Yes, we are, at this point, all quite aware of your erroneous understanding of the term “patent”. A patent is a legal right conferred upon an inventor. It does not exist until it is conferred.

There's a big difference between "silly" and "inoperative."
Perhaps you’ll notice that he said “stupid, silly, essentially useless”, not “inoperative”. Making your response rather bizarre.

I suspect this is too detailed a distintion for most people outside the office. We have the same set up in Canada,
When used as a noun, it's "set-up", with a hyphen. Note to Buckaroo: this is what an actual nitpick looks like.
 
Secondly, copyright does in fact apply to derivative works. For instance, suppose Michael Crichton writes a book. He owns the copyright to the book. Now suppose I read the book aloud, and record myself doing so. I own the copyright to the recording. However, it's a derivative work, which means that I cannot sell it without MC's permission. But that doesn't obviate my copyright; while MC could sue me if I sold the recording, *I* could sue him if he sold it without my permission. He can't just say "oh, this is a copy of my own work, so I own the rights to it". Because the recording involves two copyrights, his for writing, and mine for reading it, selling it requires the permission of both of us.

Yep, I botched that point, all right -- flat out incorrect. That's what I get for rushing. Luckily, my error doesn't affect the appropriateness of the analogy, since it turns not on novelty or obviousness, but on perceived silliness. And that's the point. As others have noted, there's not much an examiner can do to reject a "silly" invention, except in extreme cases where at a glance it can be determined that utility is not present, and "utility" itself is not a straighforward concept. The analogy illustrates this point, and I stand by it. Is it a perfect analogy? No, and I haven't claimed it is, hence the "a lot like" instead of "just like" in the original post. Is it "ridiculous?" Nope. Has your attack been way out of proportion to what was nothing more than a casual, conversational analogy? Yep.

No, it represents the invention.

...etc...
Whatever, Art. Debating tedious sophistic arguments laced with insults is not my idea of a pleasant night in, so I'm done with it. Declare victory, if you like.
You are the one being impolite, not me.

Nonsense. Of the many ways you could have stated that you disagree with the analogy, you chose one of the more aggressive and obnoxious as your opening statement to me. Your later posts have been even more obnoxious. If you believe that I subsequently didn't treat you with sufficient respect, well, you reap what you sow. Thank gawd for the ignore button.

...suggesting that you wished to shoot me and that I had attacked your honor...

You can't seriously have taken umbrage at this. That kind of humorlessness and literal-mindedness must make you a hit at parties. Maybe I should have included a smilie.

Apparently, you heard the word, made a wild guess as to what it means, then convinced yourself that your wild guess was somehow the authoritative definition...
...You don’t know what the word “patent” means.

Again, whatever. My supervisor at the PTO would disagree, but obviously you have no way to verify this. So once again, declare victory if you like.

When used as a noun, it's "set-up", with a hyphen. Note to Buckaroo: this is what an actual nitpick looks like.

Okay, so maybe you're not entirely without humor.
 
After the patent was issued, a series of other inventors took the basic idea, improved on it, and solved basically all the problems that eluded the orignal inventor (and they all got their own patents). That's why the invention is in wide use today.

Sounds like the original patent got cleverly circumvented. In such cases, what good is a patent unless the "concept" gets the patent? That be like someone inventing the gumball machine and gets a patent and then someone else comes along and makes one that accepts nickles instead of pennies and gets his OWN patent. (My example is extreme but I think you follow)
 
Sounds like the original patent got cleverly circumvented. In such cases, what good is a patent unless the "concept" gets the patent? That be like someone inventing the gumball machine and gets a patent and then someone else comes along and makes one that accepts nickles instead of pennies and gets his OWN patent. (My example is extreme but I think you follow)



No, it sounds like the patent did exactly what we wanted it to do (we being society in this case, and not the inventor). The whole purpose of the government granting patents and the like is probably best summed up in one line by the US Constitution:

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

A patent is basically a deal between society and the inventor. Society grants patentees the power under the law to sue people for violating their patents, in exchange for a complete disclosure of the invention, explicitly so that others may know what they did, and act to make improvements on that idea. In fact, the vast majority of patent are "improvement" patents. That is, they tweak a previous patent to make it better, cheaper, more efficient, or some such thing.

Sometimes in this deal, the patentee comes out ahead, and makes a heck of a lot of money, and sometimes society comes out ahead - as in the case Brown mentions. That's the risk the inventors take, in exchange for the power of the State being behind them.
 
Sounds like the original patent got cleverly circumvented. In such cases, what good is a patent unless the "concept" gets the patent? That be like someone inventing the gumball machine and gets a patent and then someone else comes along and makes one that accepts nickles instead of pennies and gets his OWN patent. (My example is extreme but I think you follow)
One has to be a little careful with an analysis like this, because a patentholder might not have the legal right to build the invention to which he holds a patent. This strikes many people as a nutty idea, but it actually quite logical. I explained the notion in this post:
A more important point is this (and this is something widely misunderstood): A patent does not give a patent holder the right to make and market his invention. In fact, the patentee might not have the legal right to make and market his own patented invention!

Some folks hear this and behave as though their heads will explode. "WHAAAAAAT? If I invent and patent something, I can't necessarily make it and sell it myself??" That's right!

And yet, there is logic in this.

A patent does not give a patent holder the right to make an market his invention, but it does give the patent holder the right to exclude others from doing so. "Well, what the hell good is that? Where's the logic in that?"
The post included an example that illustrated the concept of exclusive rights and how they work.

In short, you cannot circumvent someone else's patent by making taking the patented invention, adding a new feature to it, and getting your own patent on the invention with the new feature. You can circumvent a patent (maybe) by taking the patented invention and changing an element of the invention or eliminating an element.
 
As others have noted, there's not much an examiner can do to reject a "silly" invention, except in extreme cases where at a glance it can be determined that utility is not present, and "utility" itself is not a straighforward concept.
You are still mot addressing my point, which is that the complaint is not over silly inventions, but over silly patents.

Is it "ridiculous?" Nope.
I've presented a rather extensive explanation for why ity is, and explanation that you have not addressed.

Has your attack been way out of proportion to what was nothing more than a casual, conversational analogy? Yep.
You posted a ridiculous analogy. I said that it was ridiculous. That's perfectly proportional.

Debating tedious sophistic arguments laced with insults is not my idea of a pleasant night in, so I'm done with it.
You're a hypocrite.

Nonsense. Of the many ways you could have stated that you disagree with the analogy, you chose one of the more aggressive and obnoxious as your opening statement to me.
It was a simple statement of fact, presented in a light-hearted manner.

If you believe that I subsequently didn't treat you with sufficient respect, well, you reap what you sow.
A lesson you appear to have not learned.
 
No, the patent is a legal creation. It doesn’t exist until the authorities create it.

Actually, no. As I've been led to believe, in my quite extensive training, when the applicant applies, it is assumed that the inventor has a monopoly on the invention. The duty of the examiner is to verify that fact. Should it be verified, a document is issued that basically says, "Yes, you're right, it is yours."

Perhaps someone more experienced than I, such as Brown, could either quote section and verse, or else correct me if I am wrong.
 

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