Bubblefish said:
Let's assume that dr lo made one case of bad science and let's call that quakery. It is also apparent that he understands empirical method as well and can formulate thesis, and his work obviously must have been accepted as sound in those regards for him to have those positions.
Consider.
Yes, it's possible for a scientist to make an error of science. Of course it all depends on just how bad the error is, and also how many errors there were, doesn't it?
I mean, an error of science is one thing. Demonstrating almost complete and total ignorance of the very basics of science would be another, no? Let's put it to the test.
Bubblefish said:
he has to take responsiblity for his science,but not the claims of the company.
So you agree that he has to take responsibility for any bad science - excellent, we're in complete agreement, let's begin then...
From the links that Zep provided to the papers:
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/ATG/lo-ice.html
Firstly he mentions something about very dilute ions in water and then proceeds to perform a calculation using a dielectric constant of 80 for water. It doesn't take a genius to realise that the presence of foreign ions will by definition change the dielectric constant of water, so the calculation is immediately invalid. Not to mention that the exact concentration of foreign "ions" isn't stated.
Then we have this gem:
However if the next layer of water molecules around an ion are packed in a regular, spherical symmetric rigid fashion, the pressure experienced by the water molecule immediately outside this layer will be boosted by a factor of 80. This is because the electric field determined from Gauss law is given by the total charge Q enclosed by a closed surface; and the surface is chosen to include the ion and the next layer of water molecules completely. The polarized positive and negative charge of any water molecule is all inside the same closed surface and they cancel out one another. The total charge Q is that of the ion and does not contain polarization from water molecules.
My immediate impression is... huh???? If the next layer of water molecules were to be arranged in spherically symmetric rigid fashion around the ion, the inter electronic repulsion between the poles of the water ions would be concentrated at both ends and the structure would automatically break apart! It most certainly would not become more rigid. The "boosted by a factor of 80" bit doesn't even remotely make any sense.
Then we have a "creative" interpretation of Gauss's law based on the above. Gauss's law states that the electric flux through an enclosing surface is equal to the charge contained within the surface
divided by the permittivity. Since the "dielectric constant" is the permittivity (at DC - see below), what it means is that the electric flux would be
divided by 80, not "boosted by 80" - and that is assuming that the dielectric constant is in fact 80, which it almost certainly isn't due to the presence of the ion!
Now, if the ions were arranged as he says then he is correct that the total flux from the water would cancel leaving only the ion flux (although he doesn't say flux, he says "field" - he doesn't know the difference between field and flux?

). However, the structure is thermodynamically impossible because the inter electronic repulsion wouldn't allow it, therefore the whole premise is fundamentally flawed and shows an appalling lack of understanding of basic electrical and thermodynamic principles.
He then proceeds to continue to misapply the theory claiming that successive "layers" of water molecules will arrange themselves around the first (thermodynamically impossible) layer - and assuming the electric force of the ion (which would be swamped by the immediate layer of adjacent water poles and diffused by the permittivity) is actually multiplied each time a layer is applied! In other words, he claims that the system will spontaneously generate energy out of nothing.
Not to mention this:
http://www.spectroscopynow.com/Spy/basehtml/SpyH/1,1181,6-1-1-0-3867-news_detail-0-3867,00.html
Next comes this:
It is, however, not the ordinary ice VI where the unit cell has a translational invariance. One expects that the crystalline structured water surrounding the ion would have special symmetry due to the spherical symmetrical nature of pressure. There is no study on what properties a spherical symmetric ice crystal should have. The unit cell probably is not rectangular. For lack of a better reliable alternative, it is assumed that the spherical symmetric icy structures surrounding ions have similar properties as that of ordinary ice VI and ice VII. We will call it IE structure indicating that it is an icy structure formed under the effect of an electric field.
"Spherically symmetrical nature of pressure"? I suppose he means in his hypothetical structure, as the general proposition is so obviously absurd as to require no comment. And then we have the key words, "probably is not rectangular" - translation "I don't know what shape it is". And "it is assumed" - translation, "I don't know". In other words, we have a purely hypothetical (and thermodynamically impossible) structure which is
assumed to have a particular structure, but even assuming that the properties are unknown so we'll just assume it's something like ice... Yeah, right!
And why consider "rectangular"? Does he mean cubic perhaps? A rectangle is two dimensional. And why even cubic? Ice is tetrahedral...
And then this:
The IE structure formed around ions is influenced by the movement of ions in water. When two similar charged ions come close together, the pressure on water molecules between them decreases and the IE structure previously formed will melt.
What? The similarly charged ions which have their "electric fields" (allegedly) multiplied by factors of 80? So we have two similarly charged ions (which will repel each other) and which (allegedly) have enormously enhanced electrostatic field (which means they will repel even more) that just happen to "come close together"...?

This is an insult to the intelligence, doesn't this guy even know basic electrostatics?
Enough of that one, let's look at the other paper.
http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/ATG/lo-iestru.html
The physical hypothesis behind these IE structures is that the electric dipole moment of water molecules play a dominant role to attract themselves together to form IE structures, which itself may have some electric dipole moment. To justify such an hypothesis, it is necessary to look for electrical and other properties of these IE structures. We have measured five different properties: dielectric constants; the electromotive force (emf) using two identical electrodes; resistivity; fluorescence; stability as a function of temperature. We find these properties are different from pure water. Pure water shall be defined to be used in this paper as having 18 megaohms of resistance and having less than several parts per billion Total Dissolved Solids, which for our experiment is supplied by Millipore RO Plus system.
O.Kaaay. So "pure water" has "18 megaohms of resistance" does it? So if I place one electrode in the atlantic ocean at say Iceland, and another at say South Georgia, measure the resistance and find that it's more than 18 megaohms, I guess that proves that the atlantic ocean is pure water... Let me spell this out, the resistance of a material between two electrodes depends on the path length that the resistance is measured over.
Water molecule has a very large electric dipole moment and is forced to rotate to respond to an alternate external electric field. Hence water as a liquid has a very large dielectric constant 80. If water molecules group together to form larger structures such as the IE structure that is proposed, then the resulting structured water should have a larger dielectric constant. When an external AC field is applied, these IE structures will respond and cause a change of the dielectric constant. We use the Hewlett Packard Corp. 4192A LF Impedance Analyzer (5Hz ~ 13 MHz) to measure the pure and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant of structured water and pure water. This is shown in Fig. 1. The absolute value of dielectric constant and its phase of IE structured water is also presented separately in Fig. 1b. There is a minimum value of the phase at around 1 kHz. The distilled water has a dielectric value 80 at frequency ~ 106 Hz, and the IE structured water has a twenty percent smaller dielectric constant.
What a nice job of contradiction! Firstly we have "then the resulting structured water should have a larger dielectric constant" (correct) followed by "the IE structured water has a twenty percent smaller dielectric constant". Right, so it's both larger and smaller at the same time...
Note also "to measure the pure and the imaginary parts of the dielectric constant" - uh, no, water doesn't have "real and imaginary" parts to its dielectric constant, water has a scalar dielectric constant at DC or a complex
frequency dependent permittivity under AC. Anyway, that is then followed by "The distilled water has a dielectric value 80 at frequency ~ 10<sup>6</sup> Hz". Uh, oh, now you see it, now you don't! That complex "dielectric constant" suddenly changed into a real scalar!
And let's just get this clear - at DC water has a dielectric constant - at AC it has a varying complex permittivity. This is a physicist who doesn't appear to know the difference between a dielectric
constant and a
varying permittivity.
It is well known in electrochemistry that an emf is generated between two different electrodes in a solution and no emf is generated between same electrodes in a solution. We immerse a pair of stainless electrodes in IE structured water, and we have found that a finite emf of 10 mV or more is generated
"Stainless"
what exactly? Stainless steel perhaps? The same stainless steel which happens to consist of an alloy of different metals...? Well, duh!
We immerse a pair of stainless electrodes in IE structured water, and we have found that a finite emf of 10 mV or more is generated. In Fig. 2 (a), we have shown one typical curve for a concentrated IE structured water that lasts for an hour. The first 2 to 3 minutes irregular reading, then approaches a maximum of 38 mV, and then drops slowly over the next hour. Figure 2 (b) shows emf for a variety of IE structure water. The physical explanation of these figures is that the electric dipoles of the IE structures are pointing at different direction randomly in water in the beginning. As the first electric dipole attaches to the electrodes an emf is set up between the electrodes. This emf will force a more regular alignment of IE structures in water between the two electrodes. The more aligned the electric dipoles are, the higher the emf. However as time goes on the thermal vibration of water molecules will tend to cause disorder in the alignment of IE structures. The emf will decrease as a result.
So these "stainless" electrodes suddenly acquire an emf. Which does what exactly? Electrolyse perhaps? Funny how simple weak electrolysis would give exactly this kind of result. And doesn't "IE structured water" contain foreign ions? According to the initial definition it does. I suppose those foreign ions don't actually do anything...
Anyway, let me propose an hypothesis. The electrodes are undergoing simple electrolytic chemical reactions with the water. The result will be that there will be a surface layer of electrolysed material on the electrodes which will lead to eventual depolarisation of the electrodes. If the electrodes were to be cleaned, the process would start over again.
Then we have this:
When we wash the electrodes with nitric acid for cleaning purpose, we get a larger emf with the same IE structured water.
Oops! Well, "duh" again!
And the coup de grace:
We insert the same electrodes in pure water (reverse osmosis water from Ultrapure Millipore plus system). An emf of 3 ~ 7 mV is also seen.
Well, it was a nice theory while it lasted!

So what we have is a claim that water with foreign ions in it is more likely to cause a potential difference between dissimilar metals than "pure" water. Well, double duh!
Here is someone who clearly doesn't even understand the very basics of electrochemistry!
These flickering water clusters the electric dipole moment of their constitute water molecules probably do not completely cancel one another; therefore, these water clusters have some residue electric dipole moment. These small amount of electric dipole moment probably constitute the emf that is observed here.
Nor does he seem to understand the difference between a moment and an EMF...
Here is another gem:
If the IE structures in water are electric dipoles, any ion moving close to them in water will be attracted to them.
What? Even the ones with the same charge polarity...?

Remember that the IE structure as defined above has a net singular charge (remember the basic lesson in how to misapply Gauss's law?) and it was electrically "spherically symmetric" - now suddenly the IE structure is a dipole... Amazing stuff this IE, its very definition changes to match the theory!
It is, in general, easy to conceive a background mechanism that increases conductivity of pure water because most dirt contains some soluble materials that produce more ions in water and hence bigger conductivity. It is difficult to construct some simple background signal that decreases conductivity measurement. We have performed our experiment in a clean room environment, which is confirmed by the constant value of conductivity of pure water.
The pure water has constant conductivity - the same pure water which had variable conductivity above... And it's not difficult to do something which decreases conductivity measurement - it's called depolarisation of electrodes and is something which should be covered in chemistry 101.
I can't be bothered to analyse any more of this nonsense. All I can say is that I find it very hard to believe that this guy is really a physicist. In fact I find it very hard to believe he studied anything much beyond elementary level...