Non-baryonic cold dark matter ("CDM"), the observational evidence

[Zeuzzz]

Oh Zeuzzz, are you so deluded? Have you learned so little in the physics classes you have been taking?

Here's what you just wrote (excerpt):.

Though I must say your seagull appearances, to drop woo, are getting more sophisticated; it seems you have taken lessons from the IDers, and have begun a new career as a quote miner ...

So your not going to comment on any of the material in my post then? and what relevance this may have to whether CDM exists? Fair enough. I should have known better.

So, now using a quote from a series of peer reviewed science publications to directly back up my opinion can now be dismissed purely for the reason that I quoted it? Amazing.

 

[DeiRenDopa]

So your not going to comment on any of the material in my post then? and what relevance this may have to whether CDM exists? Fair enough. I should have known better.

.

Of course I'm going to comment on it!

But not until I get to the part where I cover the actual observational evidence first, as I said in the OP:

I'll take the following approach to addressing the observational evidence:

* observations concerning CDM in our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies

* observations concerning CDM in rich clusters of galaxies

* CDM in cosmology.

For the first two, I will look at the different kinds of observations that lead to the conclusion 'lots of CDM', with an emphasis on the different physical mechanisms at work (a.k.a. the different physics theories involved in the observations themselves and in the analyses of those observations), the leading limitations and questions on these, and whether there are any viable alternative conclusions (to 'here be (lots and lots of) CDM'). Of necessity, most of the history will be omitted; this is, in some ways, a pity, because that history is really quite fascinating - the errors, the wrong turns, the prescient early insights, the slow elimination of all alternatives, the huge effort put into corroboration, etc, etc, etc.

The last one (cosmology) needs to be treated in a different way, partly because it is most powerful when considered in terms of consistency, rather than a set of independent classes of observation.

My approach deliberately omits all particle physics inputs; there is a very strong set of cases concerning the existence of CDM that arise from particle physics, and these help support the conclusion in terms of consistency.

I will also not even attempt to cover astronomical observations other than those under these three headings.

.
Right now, all I've done is write one substantive post, and one clarification, on the first ("observations concerning CDM in our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies"). There are at least two more on just that first point ... and the cosmology point (the third) comes last. Unless I missed it, there was nothing in any of your woo spam posts in this thread on either observations concerning CDM in our Milky Way galaxy, and other galaxies or observations concerning CDM in rich clusters of galaxies.

 

[bokonon]

However, adding up all the mass in these galaxies, estimated from the light emitted (by stars, dust, and gas/plasma) or light absorbed (by dust and gas), gives totals that are just too small ... and the difference (between 'rotation curve mass' and 'stars/dust/gas mass') gets larger as the radius increases.

I guess I'm the sort of interested layman without a BSc you are aiming to educate, so I'll try to follow along and ask the questions that occur to me.

At this point, I wonder - how do you know what quantity of matter in a distant galaxy is doing the absorbing? Hypothetically, wouldn't a roomful of swirling marble-sized black holes absorb less light than a roomful of thick black smoke, and yet be many times more massive?

 

[sol invictus]

At this point, I wonder - how do you know what quantity of matter in a distant galaxy is doing the absorbing? Hypothetically, wouldn't a roomful of swirling marble-sized black holes absorb less light than a roomful of thick black smoke, and yet be many times more massive?

Yes, that's right. A marble sized black hole weighs about 10^26 kg - which is a heck of a lot of smoke.

Actually, black holes of that size would probably make a pretty decent DM candidate, except that there's no reason they should be there.

 

[bokonon]

Yes, that's right. A marble sized black hole weighs about 10^26 kg - which is a heck of a lot of smoke.

Make it no more than 7 to a room, then.

ETA: I'm assuming with that kind of mass, the event horizon would be bigger than a city block. Since you seem capable of "doing the math," would you mind providing me with a more educated range?

ETA2: I just looked, and the mass of the earth is 5.9 x 10^24 kg, so I guess we're talking 600 earths. I'll assume the event horizon is "bigger than the earth," which is precise enough for me.

Actually, black holes of that size would probably make a pretty decent DM candidate, except that there's no reason they should be there.

Is there a reason for "It's not like anything we've ever encountered before, Captain!" to be there?

 

[sol invictus]

ETA: I'm assuming with that kind of mass, the event horizon would be bigger than a city block. Since you seem capable of "doing the math," would you mind providing me with a more educated range?

Eh? That was the mass for a marble sized black hole.

To be a little more precise, a BH with the mass of the earth has a horizon radius of .9 cm. Mind boggling, isn't it?

It might also be useful to know that the radius of a BH horizon scales linearly with the mass. So a solar mass BH will be roughly 500,000 times as large, i.e. 5km in radius.

Is there a reason for "It's not like anything we've ever encountered before, Captain!" to be there?

A good DM model includes an explanation of where the DM came from. I know of a (somewhat questionable) mechanism that might make solar mass BHs, but not one that could make marble sized BHs. But the solar mass BH as DM model is pretty solidly excluded by gravitational lensing searches. Still, it isn't totally impossible - it's just not the most likely candidate in my opinion.

 

[DeiRenDopa]

However, adding up all the mass in these galaxies, estimated from the light emitted (by stars, dust, and gas/plasma) or light absorbed (by dust and gas), gives totals that are just too small ... and the difference (between 'rotation curve mass' and 'stars/dust/gas mass') gets larger as the radius increases.

I guess I'm the sort of interested layman without a BSc you are aiming to educate, so I'll try to follow along and ask the questions that occur to me.

At this point, I wonder - how do you know what quantity of matter in a distant galaxy is doing the absorbing? Hypothetically, wouldn't a roomful of swirling marble-sized black holes absorb less light than a roomful of thick black smoke, and yet be many times more massive?

Excellent question!

And this is one place where a short, no-more-than-a-para-or-two summary cannot possibly do justice to the vast amount of material on the topic, not to mention the centuries of work by astronomers and physicists which lead to the conclusions so briefly summarised.

Also, it's part of the answer to the question 'so why can't the unseen mass be baryonic?' that I will address in a later post.

Without further ado then, what are galaxies made of?

Near us, in the Milky Way galaxy, we get a very up-close-and-personal view of things, and we 'see' stars (ranging in mass from ~100 sols down to ~0.1 sol), gas/plasma (with a huge range of densities and temperatures; however, it's almost entirely hydrogen (ionised, atomic, or molecular) and helium, and 'dust' (which is not pure H or pure He! more on this later). Solid stuff that's bigger than dust but smaller than a star is quite hard to detect, either by the light it emits or the light it absorbs (one of the most interesting techniques in astronomy is to observe 'at night' ... you want to know how bright the distant sky is, in x-rays or gammas, beyond the solar system? just look at the Earth, or Moon - they block the distant sky; you want to know how much dust there is in spiral galaxies? just look at one that is back-lit by a more distant galaxy; and so on).

However, we can get a handle on the total mass near us, in our part of the Milky Way galaxy, by observing how the stars (and gas, and dust) are moving, relative to us and each other. The math for this is quite clean, and quite powerful (look up 'collisionless Boltzmann equation'), but it took until the second half of the 20th century for observations to be extensive and accurate enough to apply it, in all its power, to our immediate galactic environment.

The result is this: the amount of mass, 'near us', that is not accounted for by stars, gas/plasma, and dust, is small ... possibly too small to be estimated (i.e. the error bars, or uncertainties, from the rest of the inputs are larger than the small residual). Of course, these calculations also include estimates of stars that are too faint to be directly observed, especially red and brown dwarfs. However, these estimates are robust, in the sense that the 'mass function' (proportion of stars of a given mass vs mass) is well-constrained from detailed studies of various nearby open clusters and from studies of binary stars (also by microlensing, covered later).

So where's the CDM 'near us'? It turns out that if the other results about the amount and distribution of CDM in our Milky Way galaxy are right, then there's too little 'near us' to be detected by this 'mass difference' method ... one of the many, many "consistent with all the relevant observations" I mentioned earlier.

Here's another aspect: the interstellar medium (ISM) is known to be a pretty bracing environment: cosmic rays zap through it, high energy photons flood it, and so on. Solids in the ISM are, therefore, being eroded, albeit very slowly (most parts of the ISM anyway; deep inside Bok globules for example such erosion is reduced). Now He can be only a gas in the ISM, because it must be at a temperature of at least 2.73 K (do you know why?), and any solid H will sublime quite fast; so if there were lots of eroding solids in the ISM, there should be lots of elements other than H and He in it ... but there isn't. Of course, if the solids were predominantly boulders, mountains, and dwarf planets ....

From 'near us' to galaxies in general is a journey of millions of observations by thousands of astronomers over several centuries; suffice it to say that while there certainly are galactic environments that are very different from 'near us' (especially in galactic nuclei, and also in star forming regions), the nature of most galactic environments can now be estimated fairly well, provided they are not too far away, and have been observed across the whole electromagnetic spectrum (most of it anyway), with the full range of telescopes, instruments, and techniques we now have at our disposal.

So, no swarm of mini-black holes (but more on this later).

 

[DeiRenDopa]

... snip ...

So, now using a quote from a series of peer reviewed science publications to directly back up my opinion can now be dismissed purely for the reason that I quoted it? Amazing.

(To respond to this later edit ...)

Of course not!

If you are prepared to be a leeeettle bit patient, and wait until I've covered the cosmology part (point number three), and if when I've done that you still have questions (or want to make a non-PC, non-woo point), I'll be more than happy to try to answer them.

One thing I get mad at you for Zeuzzz is that when I take the trouble to say, clearly, unambiguously, what I intend to do, you come along in your seagull clothes and post something that blatantly ignores my intro, and seems (to me at least) to be a gross attempt at a thread-jack.

It's bad enough that you don't bother to read the OP; it's even worse that you explicitly state you have no intention of discussing anything that you post! It must be a nice life; introduce a whole lot of material on your fave topic, get grilled on just one tiny part of it (and be shown to be serious ignorant, a very poor physics student, or perhaps just not comprehend what you read), then blithely walk away ... only to do a seagull in any other thread that takes your fancy. Don't you wonder why some people call you a troll?

 

[DeiRenDopa]

One more thing to add about the 'galaxies' part:

Because it's so close, we can study the halo of our Milky Way (MW) galaxy much more closely than that of almost any other galaxy; and we can also, potentially, use the motions of objects in that halo (or just beyond it) to probe the distribution of mass there.

However, to some extent, this takes me into an aspect I said I'd not cover (astronomical observations other than those under the three headings in the OP; specifically, observations of galaxy groups).

"Sky Survey Unveils Star Cluster Shredded By The Milky Way" is the cool title of a 2002 SDSS PR. One thing that this very nice demonstration of 'tidal stripping' can be used for is to estimate the mass of the MW galaxy, by using the physics of Newton.

The two Magellanic Clouds, so familiar to those who live in the southern hemisphere (outside big cities, of course), are embedded in a stream of hydrogen gas called the Magellanic Stream. In the last years of the 20th century, this was observed, in the radio part of the spectrum, in sufficient detail to show that it too is a result of tidal stripping, of the gas in the SMC and LMC in this case.

Crunching the numbers gives a consistent result: most of the mass of the MW is in the halo.

SDSS has also started to independently confirm the MW halo mass, through the observations of thousands of stars in the halo; it's the same physics as used for planetary nebulae (etc) as probes, only with far, far more datapoints, and far greater precision. For more details, read up on SEGUE (Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration).

 

[Dancing David]

That is all assuming that the only force at work is gravity, and it also assumes that gravity remains the dominant force when you scale up above the planetary/stellar level. We know that as you assend up scales other forces change their dominance, ie, EM forces usually far dominate gravity at smaller scales, so it is fully possible that as you scale up gravity starts to become secondary to other various forces and instabilities in plasma.

I see the problems with CDM and other similar cosmologies as follows:

• Like geology and unlike particle physics, cosmology is intrinsically an historical science and lacks direct experimental testing for many key hypotheses.

• Data in cosmology are limited to remotely sensed photons; there is no direct, in situ measurement as in space physics or planetary science.

• Most existing cosmology models focus on only one long-range force field (gravity) and ignore potential long-range effects of electromagnetism and plasmas.


On this last point, it is well known that electromagnetism is very effectively shielded out, which allows gravity to generally dominate over long scale lengths. Nevertheless, electromagnetism and plasmas can still be significant because:


“By definition, plasmas are an interactive mix of charged particles, neutrals, and fields that exhibits collective effects. In plasmas, charged particles are subject to long-range, collective Coulomb interactions with many distant encounters. Although the electrostatic force drops with distance (~1/r²), the combined effect of all charged particles might not decay because the interacting volume increases as r³. Magnetic field effects are often global with their connections reaching to galactic scales and beyond” (Goedbloed and Poedts, 2004) (Also see; B. Coppi, Attilio Ferrari, 2000 [full text])


Of course, this will be hotly contested by Big Bang advocates that require gravity being the only force at work, but is none-the-less a valid point that we have no real reason to discount at the moment.

The potential importance of electromagnetism and plasmas is indicated by the rapidly growing field of plasma astrophysics (see links and references at plasmas.org/). As one example of its significance for altering conventional assumptions, (Astrophysics: A New Approach, Kundt 2005) shows in detail how observed signatures of existing “black-hole” candidates can be more effectively interpreted as neutron star magnetospheres with accretion disks or neutron star binaries. Efforts to assess the potential impact of the new plasma astrophysics on cosmology issues are just beginning. Hopefully due to this we will not need to fill our universe up with CDM or other dubious metaphysical constructs, the vast and varied properties of plasma should be able to account for many of cosmologies unsolved mysteries in the near future.

Hiya Zeuzzz,

that is great but it doesn't mean much when it comes to the observed motion of all sorts of objects.

When I have asked on this board
1. What force and what size is it that makes objects move faster than they ought in gravity minus dark matter?

I have gotten the folowing answer:

Zip, nada, zilch, niente, zero, empty set.

I am still waiting on that in fact from you.

I asked you to tell me the mass and the charge of the object and then we can calculate the force and field that would be needed to acoount for the acceleration. Then we can see what data is any would support that hypothesis.

But that is the issue, there must be enough of a model to say what should be observed and then see if it is.

As in many things, I am also still waiting on the scale from a 10cm plasma to a galaxy and the Birkeland scale to what features on the sun.

 

[Dancing David]

"There is no evidence that electromagnetic forces are more important than gravitational forces on a cosmological scale." Can you see my post? or is your mind still blocking out anything that does not adhere to your personal views? I stated why this could be the case, quite clearly and openly.

We'll just have to see about these *cough* 'refutations of plasma cosmology' in the near future when I have time to respond to them. So far i have not seen any, but will be happy to discuss them if you think they exist. I only briefly visit here each day at the mo, and will start a thread all about PC when I have more time. I didn't even mention plasma cosmology anyway in that post. You seem to have inferred this yourself from just reading some standard plasma astrophysics material, which is very telling.

I am giving my opinion (and many other astronomers) on CDM, and whether it is needed or not. Which, if you hadn't noticed, is exactly what this thread is about.

And, I am curious why you (as usual) chose to ignore the material in my previous post and just write about your personal opinion? Are all the links in my post 'woo' in your opinion? because by my standards, it looks like quite established scientific literature all published in respected science journals. If you can refute it, then please, be my guest.

we are also still waiting on your numbers and hard data, which are still lacking.

Like how is that neutron star going to avoid gravitational collapse when it is 20,000 solar masses?

Of course neutron stars can produce similar effects but the gravitational collapse of a black hole is rather inevitable given the current model.

BTW, have you done the math on how "EM forces make for a rather rigid structure between stars", The charge, mass and distance between two stars can be approximated and then you can show us how the scale of EM forces is such that at the distance between sasy our star and Alpha Centuari compares to the gravitational force.

You are big on the castles in the sky, still no foundation for it Zeuzz.

Still waiting.

 

[bokonon]

Eh? That was the mass for a marble sized black hole.

To be a little more precise, a BH with the mass of the earth has a horizon radius of .9 cm. Mind boggling, isn't it?

It might also be useful to know that the radius of a BH horizon scales linearly with the mass. So a solar mass BH will be roughly 500,000 times as large, i.e. 5km in radius.

Okay, either I completely misunderstood what a "marble-sized" black hole was, or I'm completely misunderstanding what you're saying now. Bear in mind that when I was in school, the controversial "earth orbits the sun, not vice versa" theory was just beginning to be discussed.

When you say "marble-sized black hole," you mean the event horizon is marble-sized, right? I was (formerly) taking marble-sized to mean the matter within the black hole was marble-sized, while its gravitational dominion extended some distance beyond marble-sized.

When you say "a black hole with the mass of the earth has a horizon radius of .9 cm," I guess you're right, my mind is boggled. That suggests to me that I could stand 9 km away and be in no danger of being drawn in, but I know if I stand 9 km away from the earth I'm going nowhere but down. Am I just confused about "event horizon?" Does the event horizon mean the largest distance at which massless photons moving at lightspeed will not escape, but portly plodding people moving at 1 kph are still fair game at much larger distances? I apologize, I don't want to derail the thread, so feel free to PM me (or tell me to go read up -- maybe I will).

 

[DeiRenDopa]

Use of 'gravitational lensing' to independently measure the mass of galaxies.

In one sense, Einstein was lucky: very soon after he published the general theory of relativity (GR), one of its predictions was confirmed ... the deflection of light by the mass of the Sun. Of course, GR was already on a sound observational basis, through its post-diction (explanation) of the advance of the perihelion of Mercury, which had been known for many decades. It also helped that Eddington was an enthusiastic supporter, so the observations of stars near the limb of the (eclipsed) Sun were interpreted as confirmation (today we'd call those observations marginal).

It was soon determined that a massive, compact body such as a galaxy should be able to 'lens' a more distant object, such as another galaxy; it was also quickly realised that this would happen only very rarely.

However, in 1979 just such an example of (strong) gravitational lensing was discovered, the distant object being a quasar.

With the angular resolution of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), many examples of such strong lensing can be discovered; a very recent HST PR gives some examples, and the associated papers and articles explain how many more will likely be discovered in the next few decades.

Estimating the mass of the 'lens' is relatively straight-forward, using textbook physics (GR), although in practice there are complications.

The beauty of this technique is that it is completely independent of the others I've discussed so far: the only thing that matters for GR is the total mass.

And while the number of galaxies whose masses have been estimated using this technique is, today, still small, the results are consistent with those from the other techniques.

There is another kind of gravitational (due to GR) lensing, 'weak lensing', also called 'shear'. In this case, the shape of a distant object is distorted, but only subtly. So for this technique to work, you need lots and lots of distant objects whose undistorted shapes are known. Fortunately, this is exactly what some of the recent large surveys can do, though in this case you get an averaged picture of the mass distribution of a lot of galaxies, rather than of just one.

One possible result from weak lensing observations, of galaxies, is an estimate of the shape of the mass distribution in the halos; the other techniques can give only estimates of the 'mass within distance x' - i.e. the distribution of mass assuming it is spherical (detailed studies of MW halo stars are an exception, as are some studies of some dwarf galaxies; however these are too new to say much about yet, and in any case would apply to only one, or a very few, galaxies).

Weak lensing observations of galaxies is relatively new, however results (estimates of galaxy halo mass) to date are consistent with those from techniques, and there are some early results on the shape of those halos (e.g. there is some 'flattening' and 'ellipticity'), on how they differ from one type of galaxy to another (e.g. giant elliptical galaxies in the centres of rich clusters seem to have different halos than other galaxies), and on how they depend on galaxy environment (e.g. galaxy halos in rich clusters seem to be 'truncated').

Next: so how do we know that this mass, in galaxy (halos), which is not emitting or absorbing light, is CDM?

 

[DeiRenDopa]

we are also still waiting on your numbers and hard data, which are still lacking.

Like how is that neutron star going to avoid gravitational collapse when it is 20,000 solar masses?

Of course neutron stars can produce similar effects but the gravitational collapse of a black hole is rather inevitable given the current model.

BTW, have you done the math on how "EM forces make for a rather rigid structure between stars", The charge, mass and distance between two stars can be approximated and then you can show us how the scale of EM forces is such that at the distance between sasy our star and Alpha Centuari compares to the gravitational force.

You are big on the castles in the sky, still no foundation for it Zeuzz.

Still waiting.

DD, would you mind if I asked you to continue questioning what Zeuzzz has posted, in other threads, somewhere other than in this thread (except where it is directly relevant to this one)?

Perhaps you could start a new thread on questions that Zeuzzz has not answered, much like the one for questions which BAC has not answered?

I know, from other posts you have written, that you seem to be a fan of keeping threads on track ...

 

[Dancing David]

Posted by Zeuzzz

As one example of its significance for altering conventional assumptions, (Astrophysics: A New Approach, Kundt 2005) shows in detail how observed signatures of existing “black-hole” candidates can be more effectively interpreted as neutron star magnetospheres with accretion disks or neutron star binaries.

Uh huh, right Zeuzzz ,so if the lower bound on the thing at the center of our galaxy is 20,000 solar masses with an upper bound around 300,000 solar masses, how are you asuggesting it isn't a black hole.

Secondly , this is really poor form, you cite a book cover as your source?

Really weak, why not at least type in a quote?

So what keeps 20,000 solar masses from collapsing?

Oh i forgot, you don't like hard numbers, do you?

 

[DeiRenDopa]

Okay, either I completely misunderstood what a "marble-sized" black hole was, or I'm completely misunderstanding what you're saying now. Bear in mind that when I was in school, the controversial "earth orbits the sun, not vice versa" theory was just beginning to be discussed.

When you say "marble-sized black hole," you mean the event horizon is marble-sized, right? I was (formerly) taking marble-sized to mean the matter within the black hole was marble-sized, while its gravitational dominion extended some distance beyond marble-sized.

When you say "a black hole with the mass of the earth has a horizon radius of .9 cm," I guess you're right, my mind is boggled. That suggests to me that I could stand 9 km away and be in no danger of being drawn in, but I know if I stand 9 km away from the earth I'm going nowhere but down. Am I just confused about "event horizon?" Does the event horizon mean the largest distance at which massless photons moving at lightspeed will not escape, but portly plodding people moving at 1 kph are still fair game at much larger distances? I apologize, I don't want to derail the thread, so feel free to PM me (or tell me to go read up -- maybe I will).

.
One of the great things about mass is that, so far as its gravitational effect is concerned, the actual composition of the mass is irrelevant (so long as you are sufficiently far away from it).

So, if, magically, the Earth, our dearly beloved Earth, were to be replaced by a black hole with exactly the same mass, the Moon would not notice, the comsats would continue in their orbits, going round the Earth-mass black hole in exactly 24 hours, and so on.

Ditto if it were replaced with an Earth-mass object composed of neutron star material (nuclear degenerate mass), or white dwarf star material (electron degenerate mass), or pure osmium, or pure hydrogen, or even a blob of neutrinos cooled down to some incredibly small temperature just above absolute zero.

Where the distribution of mass and its composition do matter is for things like tides - the long term orbit of the Moon, for example, will change, depending on how it exchanges angular momentum with the Earth through the tides.

There's also the question of stability ... for example, I'm not sure an Earth-mass of neutronium would be stable (spectacular explosion?), an Earth-mass of hydrogen would dissipate over a few (hundred?) million years (H₂ molecules at the top of the atmosphere would be dissociated by the UV from the Sun, and a small, but not insignificant, fraction of the H would have speeds greater than escape velocity ... and that's not counting the interaction with the solar wind), and so on.

 

[sol invictus]

When you say "marble-sized black hole," you mean the event horizon is marble-sized, right?

Right.

I was (formerly) taking marble-sized to mean the matter within the black hole was marble-sized, while its gravitational dominion extended some distance beyond marble-sized.

The best definition of the size of a black hole is the radius of its horizon. What happens to the matter inside is anybody's guess, but it's probably not very comfortable.

When you say "a black hole with the mass of the earth has a horizon radius of .9 cm," I guess you're right, my mind is boggled. That suggests to me that I could stand 9 km away and be in no danger of being drawn in, but I know if I stand 9 km away from the earth I'm going nowhere but down.

The event horizon is the surface where not even light can escape. I'm guessing you move quite a bit more slowly than light, so stnading 9km away from an earth-mass black hole is going to be hard even though you're well away from the horizon. In fact the force on you (if you managed to stand still) would be something like 400,000 g (g being the force of gravity at the surface of the earth).

.
So, if, magically, the Earth, our dearly beloved Earth, were to be replaced by a black hole with exactly the same mass, the Moon would not notice, the comsats would continue in their orbits, going round the Earth-mass black hole in exactly 24 hours, and so on.

DRD is absolutely correct, but let me just add that 9 km from the black hole is not analogous to 9km from the surface of the earth - it's more like 9 km from the center of the earth. But once you get inside the earth, the gravitational field is altered by the fact that some of the mass is over your head. Getting close to the hole is quite different - there is no mass over your head to screen out its pull.

Actually even if you fell freely towards it (so there was no net force on you), tidal forces would still rip you in half before you got to the event horizon. Ouch.

 

[bokonon]

Thanks, I've learned something already.

 

[Zeuzzz]

DD, would you mind if I asked you to continue questioning what Zeuzzz has posted, in other threads, somewhere other than in this thread (except where it is directly relevant to this one)?

Perhaps you could start a new thread on questions that Zeuzzz has not answered, much like the one for questions which BAC has not answered?

I'll do that myself soon, I haven't actually started a thread on PC myself here yet, I have just contributed to already existing ones. And I'm not going to comment on your threads anymore, its just too much hassle dealing with the emotions I seem to stir up (i'm sure you'll be very glad to hear)

You can start a thread on the alleged questions I have not answered if you feel the need, but I likely wont reply in detail for another month or so.

Over and out.

 

[Dancing David]

DD, would you mind if I asked you to continue questioning what Zeuzzz has posted, in other threads, somewhere other than in this thread (except where it is directly relevant to this one)?

Perhaps you could start a new thread on questions that Zeuzzz has not answered, much like the one for questions which BAC has not answered?

I know, from other posts you have written, that you seem to be a fan of keeping threads on track ...

No problem, most certainly. I don't usually care, but I have done so for the same reason I am sure you do. I of course will do as you say.