1. From State (government, generally) operation (or subsidization) of what industries does society as a whole benefit?
Water supply. Electric power generation and distribution. Wire-based communications. Mail delivery. Hospitals. Schools. Railroads
1.
Strike "Mail delivery. Hospitals. Schools" and the rest exhibit a common feature--a high degree of "natural monopoly". I don't accept that the natural monopoly argument decides the issue, but it is a reasonable consideration.
Manufacturing of consumer goods , food preparation and service and farminng are more appropriately private ventures, altough any of them could be feasibly operated as collective activities2. Mining and logging3 are feasible as private industries as long as certain regulations to preserve the environment are obeyed. Since the last two are dependent on access to the commons, they can, reasonably, be conducted on a leased basis, which is to say that the operator pays the state or whatever collective entity represents the interests of the people as reasonable sum for the right to extract those resources.
With the exceptions of mail delivery, schools, and hospitals, we see the same relative positions on the continuum of regulation or operation (1-3-2), apparently for approximately the same reasons. This does not lead us to the same conclusion.
2. What features of an industry determine its classification or position on the continuum?
The use of finite resources which cannot be created merely by labor cannot rightly be considered the property of an individual. Nobody created the rain or filled an aquifer with glacial melt water. It passes through or underlies the rightful dominion of entire populations. It is unreasonable to say that any one person or family may own it outright. Power production and distribution and wire communications require transmission facilities that cross the properties of other citizens, sometimes requiring an easement which cannot be refused. Why should any individual be allowed to force another to participate in his venture without a share of the profits of that venture?
In practice, "finite" is a matter of degree. The mass of the Earth is finite. The oxygen, water, gold, and iron available to humans are finite. Of course, they are eternally recycleable.
3. The State cannot subsidize education without a definition of "education". The State cannot compel attendance at school without a definition of "school". Compulsory attendance laws mean nothing unless some school has to take students rejected everywhere else. Call these default-option schools "the public schools".
You are not going to get away with that seismosaurus-sized, Klieg-light-illuminated, garishly-painted false premise. You are trying to call the public schools loser academies, and you are not going to get away with it.
No. I'm not calliing the current government-operated schools "loser academies". I'm recommending a transition to a legal regime in which parents determine which institution provides "education" and the State contracts with a few organizations (such as the NEA/AFT/AFSCME cartel, KIPP, Edison, etc.) to operate default-option schools.
The public schools exist to make available to ALL children the lore and the sciences and the shared knowledge of our repective cultures1, whether here in an industrialized nation or in a sparsely-populated agrarian one. It is to the collective advantage of all members of the collective, whether we are talking about a state, a city, a village or just isolated bands, that the young be prepared to contribute to their own upkeep and to the upkeep of their collective2. The most efficient way to assure that all children have access to this lore is to centralize the transmission of the lore into a few places within easy reach3. Since not all citizens posess all the neccessary bits of lore to make it all loook like a coherent and inter-related whole, this usually entails assigning the task of transmitting such lore to a few people with a broad knowledge of all the accumulated and preserved lore4. We call them "teachers" and their labor, being a benefit to all of us, should be born by all of us, in proportion to the amount of material benefit we derive from membership in the collective5.
1. This is anti-historical and currently counter-factual. The public school system originated in Protestant indoctrination and anti-Catholic bigotry. The "public" (i.e., government-operated) school system does not perform as you describe.
2. We agree. I do not see that this requires a government presence. Rather, the opposite.
Albert Einstein
To me the worst thing seems to be for a school principally to work with methods of fear, force and artificial authority. Such treatment destroys the sound sentiments, the sincerity and self-confidence of the pupil. It produces the submissive subject. . . It is comparatively simple to keep the school free from this worst of all evils. Give into the power of the teacher the fewest possible coercive measures, so that the only source of the pupil's respect for the teacher is the human and intellectual qualities of the latter.
Albert Einstein
"Autobiographical Notes"
Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist
It is, in fact, nothing short of a miracle that the modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry; for this delicate little plant, aside from stimulation, stands mainly in need of freedom; without this it goes to wreck and ruin without fail. It is a very grave mistake to think that the enjoyment of seeing and searching can be promoted by means of coercion and a sense of duty. To the contrary, I believe it would be possible to rob even a healthy beast of prey of its voraciousness, if it were possible, with the aid of a whip, to force the beast to devour continuously, even when not hungry, especially if the food, handed out under such coercion, were to be selected accordingly.
Marvin Minsky
Interview
Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (1994-July)
...the evidence is that many of our foremost achievers developed under conditions that are not much like those of present-day mass education. Robert Lawler just showed me a paper by Harold Macurdy on the child pattern of genius. Macurdy reviews the early education of many eminent people from the last couple of centuries and concludes (1) that most of them had an enormous amount of attention paid to them by one or both parents and (2) that generally they were relatively isolated from other children. This is very different from what most people today consider an ideal school. It seems to me that much of what we call education is really socialization. Consider what we do to our kids. Is it really a good idea to send your 6-year-old into a room full of 6-year-olds, and then, the next year, to put your 7-year-old in with 7-year-olds, and so on? A simple recursive argument suggests this exposes them to a real danger of all growing up with the minds of 6-year-olds. And, so far as I can see, that's exactly what happens.
Our present culture may be largely shaped by this strange idea of isolating children's thought from adult thought. Perhaps the way our culture educates its children better explains why most of us come out as dumb as they do, than it explains how some of us come out as smart as they do.
3 (a). "A few places" and "within easy reach" are mutually exclusive.
(b) Again, the State cannot subsidize education without a definition of "education". State operation of an industry implies standardization and uniform job descriptions, which produce a poor fit when the industry operates on highly variable inputs (e..g., individual children's interests and abilities).
4. Elementary school teachers are polymaths? Really? Parents do not need to know everything. There are these amazing resources which experts call "books".
5. If we paid teachers in proportion to their contribution to collective welfare, some of them would hang from streetside lightpoles.
This aint about your just paying to have your own larvae educated. It is about maintaining the health of the entire population. If you are not making your proper contribution to the well-being of the collective, what reason have we, other than your ability to hire violent savages to guard your stash, not to come and take it away from you by force?
That's how a lot of us feel about public-sector compensation.
(a)What does society gain from a policy which restricts parents' options for the use of the taxpayers' sub-adult education subsidy to such schools?
It won't work any other way.
Belgium, Chile, Hong Kong, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, among others, subsidize attendance at independent schools. The education industry is not a natural monopoly.