Delvo
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Reopening my notes, I see that I left a detail out, although it's one that might not sound significant to the average Jew, Christian, or Muslim: the Egyptians wrote that the primary god of the Hyksos was not the sun god but the storm god. That makes the Hyksos sound more Canaanite/Hebrew because Canaanites/Hebrews always treated storms, not sunlight, as the main demonstration of a god's greatness.Armed with this information you must be able to offer the time period this occurred.
Anyway, here's the timeline, in years BCE:
- 1800/1720: immigration of people from the Canaan area (which was under Egyptian rule at the time) to what we now call eastern Egypt
- 1700s-1100s: Egypt's Canaanite vassal states complain to Egypt about ʕabiru, which meant something like "raiders" or "outlaws" and included people with both Semitic and Khorian names.
- 1700-1650: Hyksos, presumably from within that general immigrant population, conquer part of Egypt; their rule is the 15th Dynasty, simultaneous with the 16th Dynasty in parts of Egypt that they didn't conquer.
- 1600s: Thera/Santorini: ecological effects inspiring 10 plagues story?
- 1500s: Hyksos rulers (possibly just a few once-powerful families, not a whole vast population) are expelled. (There are probably still Semitic people left behind, although not as rulers or as slaves.)
- 1500s-1400s: Pharoahs have a bunch of Canaanite cities destroyed.
- 1420: Pharoah Amenhotep III records the capture of 3600 ʕabiru prisoners of war.
- 1300s: Nomads southeast of Israel (east of the Aravah; Edom?) are called the "nomads of Yahweh" in Egypt. (It's not marked as a name of a god; Is it a place? Is it a tribal king?)
- 1300s-1200s: Ugaritic texts (in which ʔelohim is clearly the plural referring to all gods, not an alternative name for ʔel the king of the gods, and ʔel and Yahweh are clearly two separate characters, with ʔel and living in a mansion on a mountain to the north and Yahweh living in a tent to the south; ʔel divides the world and its tribes up among 70 other gods and assigns each one of them as the god of a certain place or people, and Yahweh's assignment is the southern nomads)
- 1300s: Akhenaten forbids worshipping, or making idols of, any other god than sunlight (Aten)
- 1200s: earliest potential composition of Exodus 15: "Song Of The Sea" (about the Red Sea Crossing)
- 1200s: Rameses II has cities/forts named Pithom & Rameses built; Exodus says Israelites built them. (not pyramids!)
- 1200s-1100s: Booming population in highlands of Canaan ("Proto-Israelites")
- 1203: Merneptah says he wiped out an ethnic group (still not a country) called "Israel".
- 1100s: Bronze Age Collapse; Egyptians withdraw from Canaan but say they thwart invasions by "Sea Peoples", driving out the survivors, including the "PLST" who Egypt says resettle in coastal Canaan
- 1100s: Phillistines show up in Canaan.
- 1000s: Latest signs that there are still Semitic people in Egypt (but not as rulers or as slaves)
- 1000s: lowland cities of Canaan start recovering from, or being reoccupied after, the Bronze Age Collapse, but with signs that highland culture, which hadn't been hit as hard by the collapse, has come down to occupy them
- 1000s: The name "David" appears in inscriptions.
- 800s: "Israel" shows up in Egyptian inscriptions again for the first time since 1203.
The former Hyksos brought with them memories of life in Egypt followed by suffering in the wilderness. The nomads brought with them the worship of Yahweh the tent-dwelling nomad-god and the idea of meeting god(s) or having other religious experiences out in the wilderness (plus maybe a dislike of pigs, since herders don't usually herd pigs?). The Canaanite highlanders kept the original local worship of ʔel as the civilized, mansion-occupying, throne-sitting king of the gods, and a dislike of the lowlanders they were replacing and a compulsion to emphasize whatever cultural distinctions they could find from them. ("We're not like those seafood-eaters & linen-wearers down there; we're good people who eat land-meat and wear wool!") The fact that this happened during & immediately after the Bronze Age Collapse explains why most of the Old Testament after the first few books is war stories.
Henotheism and then monotheism would gradually develop over the next few centuries, with southern henotheists/monotheists saying the best or one true god was Yahweh and their northern counterparts saying it was ʔel (and the plural ʔelohim really meant just him), until they finally ended up agreeing that if there's only one then those must be two separate names for him. (I don't buy the Akhenaten connection that some propose, despite the conspicuously coincidental similarity of a ban on idols appearing along with monotheism in both cases. Akhenaten came along centuries after the Hyksos left and was forgotten & left behind more centuries before anybody speaking a Semitic language got anywhere near monotheist.)
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