First of all there is nothing "dark". The Human brain (information submitted by
Rod cells) enables us to distinguish between low and high reflections or low and high irradiance in general. Colors and contrasts are some kind of illusion, produced in our brains to process this information.
Obviously, I'm aware that darkness isn't an actual physical attribute of something; my point is that things that we see as being "darker" are so because they do not reflect light as much as things that are "light," and the reason they don't is because they absorb the light.
While the sun rays are passing the earths atmosphere, they are heating up particles withing the air - particles absorbing parts of the sunrays, the effect is doubled if something reflects the sunrays and sends them thru the atmosphere again.
Perhaps, but which actually results in more heat in the air:
1. light passing through the air, being reflected, and passing through the air once more
2. light passing through the air, being absorbed by something on the surface, and being radiated into the air
To me, it seems obvious the answer is #2, because air doesn't absorb light very well (hence its clear nature). "Dark" objects on the ground absorb heat very well, and once absorbed, they radiate it into the air quite efficiently. When I was younger, I worked for my uncle setting up canopies. We used to set them up in parking lots occasionally, and I can tell you that the blacktop surface makes for much hotter air than grass surfaces.
Plants use this sun energy in a similar way like humans use food to gain energy. Most cities that don't have much green space are up to 2 degrees celsius hotter than the green environment surrounding the city. The causes are materials like concrete and tar, absorbing light energy but heating up in the same time - while plants use ("eat") most of the energy and therefore don't heat up.
See, this is more what I was getting at. I'd still be pretty interested to see a comparison between, say, a grass field and a concrete sidewalk. I have no doubt whatever that blacktop radiates much more heat than plants do. But the point I was taking exception to was that reflecting was worse than absorbing. To me that definitely seems backwards; if there is an advantage, the use of the energy in photosynthesis as you describe here would seem to me to be the key.
Snow is a different issue. In wintertime the angle to the sun is tilted. The hemisphere having wintertime does'nt face the sun as directly as in summertime. That's why winter in europe means summer in australia.
Come on! Don't go Captain Obvious on me twice in the same post.
The reflectivity of snow is responsible for low earth temperatures and this effect is also cooling the air in lower regions in a much higher scale than in higher regions of the atmosphere.
Right. More heat in the retained in the atmosphere when there's no snow on the field than when there's snow; even though the light passes through the atmosphere twice, it still doesn't equal the absorption that would have taken place.
But to get back to your question and to sum up the info above:
Reflecting surfaces don't heat up the lower atmosphere but the higher regions of the atmosphere - while dark surfaces heat up the lower atmosphere.
That makes sense, but I'd wonder how long it takes heat in the lower atmosphere to radiate out into the upper atmosphere; to me, it seems that it would all even out in fairly short order, and that the main concern would be total heat absorption, be it from the surface, or the air itself.
A light bulb is no luxury but if everyone would replace the regular light bulbs with
Compact fluorescent lamps (for example), it would save hundreds, probably thousands tons of carbon dioxide per year. Another thing would be a higher efficiency of burning fuels and oil. We do have the technology to realize such goals, but many governments does'nt subsidy such technologies, in america probably because the huge oil-/coal- and petroleum lobbies ... sponsoring the (Uhm...democratic???) Government.
That still strikes me as spitting in the ocean. Bottom line, we still need tremendous amounts of energy, and as long as its produced by burning fossil fuels, there's going to be way more CO2 produced than the earth can deal with; never mind reducing the CO2 levels, we'd barely dent the rate of increase. I think a huge problem in the US, that will
not be addressed, is urban sprawl. For many reasons, this is a tremendous energy-waster.
Then there are alternative energies like hydrogen based motors or renewable fuels like vegetable oils or other
bio gases. Here in germany, politics is already following this trend since several years and i hope that american politics will follow some day in a near future.
While I agree that these are interesting short-term solutions, I find them to be stop-gaps at best. I mean, take hydrogen for instance; it still has to be produced with electricity so far as I know, and as long as the electricity is produced by burning fossil fuels, it seems to me we're, at best, increasing efficiency.
IMO, if the more radical doom-sayers are correct, it's a done deal, because there is no way in hell we're reducing carbon emissions by the percentages needed to make a real difference. In fact, with China rapidly industrializing, the exact opposite seems likely to occur.