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Focus Fusion?

By the way, Eric, I now see where you're getting your "most read article of 2014" claims---there's a "metrics" tab on the article pages at PoP. Something funny about that: remember how I suggested that this is because of LPP PR campaigns, rather than because of intense interest from the fusion community? There is support for this in the "metrics" data. It's true that your 2014 article has a fairly large number of full text views, but it has an outlandishly large number of abstract views.

That's typical of press-release-based, general-public interest as opposed to expert interest. Other articles from that issue, even in the same section, tended to see about half as many fulltext-views as abstract-views; you had 20% as many. Other articles looked like they were getting one *academic citation* for every ~50--100 fulltext readers; your article seems to be unusually undercited, again consistent with the idea that most of the readers are not actually working in the field.
 
Also: you seemed to be telling me that "any physicist" should be able to follow your derivations and reach the LPP-is-a-good-idea conclusion. How do you reconcile that with the 2nd citation to your 2012 article

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1140/epjd/e2013-40096-3

in which the author claims that a dense plasma focus cannot get to p-11B ignition? I also see that you did not cite this in your 2014 article.
 
I can't get my mind around the power of a 0.4g gauss field. What apparatus would be required to produce such a field and how was the measurement of it made? Also I assume the highest strength of the field is focused in a very small volume, and falls off at the inverse-square rate, but at what distance from say, a standard HDD, would it be safe to switch on without wiping the drive?
 
From these two links provide some background:

https://www.impedans.com/why-lawren...-results-are-not-even-wrong-detailed-analysis

https://mikebhopkins.wordpress.com/2012/04/09/not-even-wrong-fusion-at-lawrenceville-plasma-physics/

It appears that they already have a focused fusion device and has generated very high temperatures which is good for fusion apparently.

Now, why their device is producing such high temperatures seems to be the point of contention.

...I have included the best result reported by Lerner, which is 1.1Ma and 1.5 1011 neutrons. It is clear from the paper that other shots at 1.1Ma had a lower yield. Figure 2, in Lerner’s paper shows three points at the highest ion energy ( highest Ipeak) and the spread is at least a factor of 3. So Lerner’s result fit exactly with all other Plasma Focus devices. What is different is that he drives a large current into a small radius anode, but the device scales just as expected. No new physics here I am afraid...
 
physics, not name-calling!

It gets confusing here ... the navigation isn't as clear as you state, but you can persevere, and find links to some papers. Some of them seem to be behind paywalls; short of getting institutional access (or paying $$), how can one verify that the 'unofficial preprint' matches the peer-reviewed paper?

Here's another: under the Fusion -> Peer Reviews page, there just one cited paper ... behind a paywall! And no link to any 'unofficial preprint', or 'email us for a copy' either.

Hi Jean Tate,

Glad you visited our site.

I can’t help paywalls! Complain to the journals. Skepticism is fine, but why in the world would we put anything other than the real paper up on our website, when anyone at a library could compare the two and call us on it? As to the peer-review section, I can’t provide copies of articles that are not mine without violating the journals’ copyrights. This is what libraries are for.

One of the five is entitled "New Evidence that the Universe is NOT Expanding". Yes, you seem quite passionate about this; but no, it has NO direct bearing on your Focus Fusion project.

Including this in your project website will surely lead many a visitor, with sufficient knowledge of astronomy and cosmology, to conclude that you are a crackpot ... and that your Focus Fusion project is equally cranky.

This is name-calling again, Jean! First, yes my work in fusion comes out of the same plasma physics work I have done in astrophysics and lots of people have come to learn about focus fusion because of their interests in my book, The Big Bang Never Happened.

Does doing research that is unpopular in some quarters make me or anyone else a crack-pot? Let’s look at that. If you read my book (available from Kindle, Barnes and Noble, etc.—adv.) you’ll learn that the critique of the Big Bang that I and my colleagues have elaborated originated in the work of Hannes Alfven. Does that make Alfven a crack-pot? He won the Nobel Prize in physics –and not in an unrelated field. He won for his work in plasma physics, and it was this work that led him to criticize both the Big Bang theory and the distortions of scientific method of its supporters. So I don’t think you can call one of the outstanding physicists of the 20th century, who pretty much created the modern field of plasma physics, a crack-pot.

True, the great majority of cosmologists believe that the Big Bang hypothesis is valid. But it is also true that a majority of physicists in the rest of physics think cosmology is a big joke. No, I can’t prove that with a scientific survey, but the point I am trying to make is that physics is not a popularity contest. If you want to say my physics is bad or wrong, you need to point out mistakes—either in fusion or astrophysics.

Now Ben m did try to do that, I notice, in the post that he subsequently deleted. Since his calculations involved arithmetic errors of a factor of 100 million, he saw fit to reconsider.

But let’s discuss physics, not name-calling.
 
I can't get my mind around the power of a 0.4g gauss field. What apparatus would be required to produce such a field and how was the measurement of it made? Also I assume the highest strength of the field is focused in a very small volume, and falls off at the inverse-square rate, but at what distance from say, a standard HDD, would it be safe to switch on without wiping the drive?

First, this is not a claim of a record—other experiments with lasers and a device called the x-pinch go up to 1 GG( a billion gauss). This field is made by the self-pinched currents of a dense plasma focus device. Yes, it is in a tiny—microns—volume and yes, the field falls off rapidly with distance. However, the device produces such a large pulse of radio power that all our electronics have to be carefully shielded inside our experimental room and the entire room is lined with copper mesh. Fortunately electromagnetic waves are stopped by conductors, so shielding is not too difficult. We use lots of aluminum foil—very effective!

As to measurement, it was indirect. We don’t know of a direct way to measure fields this high in plasma this dense. So it was calculated based on currents and the radius of the confined plasma as well as checked against other plasma parameters
 
Now Ben m did try to do that, I notice, in the post that he subsequently deleted. Since his calculations involved arithmetic errors of a factor of 100 million, he saw fit to reconsider.

Just 10^6, actually---I put a charge density in cm^-3 into an otherwise-SI calculation.
 
That wasn't you who ran the numbers for the Mars Surveyor was it? :)

Hey! Mars surveyor was only off target by a furlong-bushel per cubic inch! That's pretty good after a journey of thirty trillion hands.
 
EricL, you come across is being super-intelligent, and really knowing your stuff re plasma physics. Myself, I think this has led you to be blind to the collective wisdom of people who know their stuff re sales, marketing, advertising, brand-awareness, etc, etc, etc.

An example of how ignoring this collective wisdom just shoots yourself in the foot, so to speak: on the home page of LPPFusion is a panel with five images+text; one can move from one to the other by clicking on the arrows. One of the five is entitled "New Evidence that the Universe is NOT Expanding". Yes, you seem quite passionate about this; but no, it has NO direct bearing on your Focus Fusion project.

Including this in your project website will surely lead many a visitor, with sufficient knowledge of astronomy and cosmology, to conclude that you are a crackpot ... and that your Focus Fusion project is equally cranky.
One thing the collective wisdom of those whose life's work lies in the fields of advertising, sales, marketing, brand awareness/defense, etc, etc will tell you is extremely important is "know your audience".

Glad you visited our site.

I can’t help paywalls! Complain to the journals. Skepticism is fine, but why in the world would we put anything other than the real paper up on our website, when anyone at a library could compare the two and call us on it? As to the peer-review section, I can’t provide copies of articles that are not mine without violating the journals’ copyrights. This is what libraries are for.
To this, the ISF members, audience, you come across as whining. How might you have done a better job, on your website, for this particular audience? I'll leave you to think about it; it's not hard to come up with half a dozen better ways.

This is name-calling again, Jean! First, yes my work in fusion comes out of the same plasma physics work I have done in astrophysics and lots of people have come to learn about focus fusion because of their interests in my book, The Big Bang Never Happened.

Does doing research that is unpopular in some quarters make me or anyone else a crack-pot? Let’s look at that. If you read my book (available from Kindle, Barnes and Noble, etc.—adv.) you’ll learn that the critique of the Big Bang that I and my colleagues have elaborated originated in the work of Hannes Alfven. Does that make Alfven a crack-pot? He won the Nobel Prize in physics –and not in an unrelated field. He won for his work in plasma physics, and it was this work that led him to criticize both the Big Bang theory and the distortions of scientific method of its supporters. So I don’t think you can call one of the outstanding physicists of the 20th century, who pretty much created the modern field of plasma physics, a crack-pot.
This particular chain of logic has been used, directly or indirectly, by dozens of ISF members, pushing many a crackpot notion. Here are some examples (threads only; some threads are extremely long), in no particular order (and to stress, this list is far from comprehensive):

Continuation The Electric Comet Theory Boogaloo (Part 2)

Haig and his Sun caused earthquakes

SAFIRE - Electric Sun test?

Wallace Thornhill: The Long Path to Understanding Gravity | EU2015

Electric Universe: has there ever been a scientific research program?

Halton Arp Replacing Big Bang Creationism - maybe not this thread?

Critical review of an EM theory?

Electric Sun Theory (Split from: CME's, active regions and high energy flares)

Lambda-CDM theory - Woo or not?

I'm sure you do not subscribe to some of the ideas so many "Electric Universe" (EU) fans promote (e.g. that a giant lightning bolt caused Valles Marineris on Mars); but quite a few overlap with your ideas. Rightly or wrongly, the high visibility of EU crackpot ideas throughout the internet all but guarantees that few people will grasp the difference between the obvious nonsense and your ideas.

True, the great majority of cosmologists believe that the Big Bang hypothesis is valid. But it is also true that a majority of physicists in the rest of physics think cosmology is a big joke. No, I can’t prove that with a scientific survey, but the point I am trying to make is that physics is not a popularity contest.
Many an ISF member would note that cherry-picking is a popular tactic of crackpots. How so? Well, I think the vast majority of HEP physicists regard cosmology (and astrophysics in general) as anything but a joke. It may well be that, once the LHC winds down (and assuming no 100 TeV collider, etc), cosmology is the only big realm of experimental testing left for HEP (OK, IceCube and various dark matter searches will live on, but these are pretty small beer).

Why is this relevant, and how does it show you seem to be cherry-picking (or a red herring, perhaps)? Outside HEP, astrophysics, and perhaps space physics, very few physicists have anything to do with cosmology, in their work. So why is their opinion worth considering?

If you want to say my physics is bad or wrong, you need to point out mistakes—either in fusion or astrophysics.

Again, if you had taken the time to know your audience, you'd have come across threads such as these (searching this sub-forum, for "Lerner", is also, um, instructive):

Anthony Peratt's Plasma Model of Galaxy Formation

Plasma Cosmology - Woo or not

So, it seems that at least some ISF members have spent quite a bit of time ripping your published astrophysics ideas apart.

But let’s discuss physics, not name-calling.
Can we also discuss your apparent bent to keep shooting yourself in the foot?

One last 'shoot yourself in the foot' instance.

If you read my book

Odd that, in defense of your astrophysics ideas, you chose to cite your book, and not your papers! If you had done your research, on your audience, you'd know what a great many ISF members know ... that citing a book, and not published papers, is a common crackpot debate tactic.

Now, about your published papers ... I used ADS to find them. A search in "Lerner, E." turns up 86 hits. Many have "Lerner, Edan" as author, and many which seem to have you as the/an author are conference presentations (not peer-reviewed), popsci articles (not peer-reviewed), and your book (and its reviews, also not peer-reviewed).

Leaving aside your recent "UV Tolman test" paper (that's my shorthand), the most recent of your astrophysics papers seems to be Scarpa+ (2007), which seems to be pretty much irrelevant to your "the Universe is NOT Expanding" ideas. Perhaps I missed at least one, published after this and before 2014?

Your main body of astrophysics work - per peer-reviewed articles - seems to focus on radio (microwave) astronomy, in particular the CMB. As far as I can tell, all of such work was published before even the first WMAP results were out, let alone the Planck ones. So while that work may be interesting, it is surely of only historical relevance, right? I mean, have you attempted to update your models, using WMAP and Planck (and all the ground-based microwave observations published since 1995) to test them?
 
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different thread

Jean Tate, we should move a discussion of evidence for and against the Big Bang to another thread. Let's talk here about the physics of focus fusion.
 
"Technically over unity yield," in the context of fusion R&D, refers to energy released via fusion that exceeds the energy input required to fire the reactor. It's not "over unity" in the usual free energy sense.

It's only "technically" over unity (or "technical break-even") until the useful energy (e.g. electricity) coming out of the reactor exceeds the useful energy input required to operate it. At that point you have "real" break-even.

("Economic break-even" is a yet higher bar still. Even though the fuel for fusion is ample, fusion power plants would still have to be financed, maintained, operated, secured, and eventually replaced just like any other kind.)

So if I start a fire I have achieved "technical over unity" because I will get more energy out than was used to start the fire?
 
So if I start a fire I have achieved "technical over unity" because I will get more energy out than was used to start the fire?

No, that's actual breakeven.

You have a piece of wood and a supply of oxygen which have stored 100 kJ of energy.

Economic breakeven: "I used a $0.10 match to get a fire started in $0.1 worth of wood. By plugging this into a boiler I was able to get $0.30 worth of electricity from a generator."

Break-even: "I used a battery and some jumper cables to heat up the wood. By putting 50 kJ of power in, I got 51 kJ of heat out."

Technical breakeven: "I didn't have any matches, but I have this high-power diode laser. I shined 50 kJ of laser light onto the wood and obtained a 51kJ chemical reaction. If we ignore the fact that the laser was pumped by a 200 kJ flashlamp, which is a separate technology issue, the actual chemistry end of things reached breakeven."
 
So if I start a fire I have achieved "technical over unity" because I will get more energy out than was used to start the fire?

In the realm of chemical energy production, yes, you have. Not that this is a difficult thing.

Getting more energy out of a fusion reactor from the fusion than you put into the vacuum system, the magnets, the heaters, the instrumentation, etc is called either "break even" or an "over unity yield."

Some things can give you that without a true chain reaction, for example an accelerator pumped thorium pile.
 
Jean Tate, we should move a discussion of evidence for and against the Big Bang to another thread.
Feel free to start a thread on that, or add to one of the existing threads (there are quite a few).

Myself, I'd much prefer to discuss your (or Alfven's) plasma cosmology model(s); perhaps by adding to the existing "Plasma Cosmology - woo or not" thread?
Let's talk here about the physics of focus fusion.
Sure.

Also, let's continue to discuss how the way you present your ideas on this topic leads many an ISF member to (provisionally) conclude that they're, um, not really worth looking into any further ...
 
OK, lets get into Lerner's 2012 paper: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3694746 Let me harp on one specific thing: what exactly is the theory behind these plasmoids, and how exactly is Lerner extrapolating his experimental results to make claims about the densities and magnetic fields in his tiny pinches?

This model, initially developed by Bostick and Nardi,4 and confirmed by observations of several groups over three decades, was elaborated into a more quantitative theory by one of the present authors.21–26

All of Lerner's strong experimental claims---the densities, magnetic fields, etc. that he interprets are present in his experiments, and the extrapolation to large machines---are obtained by claiming that these are the values he needs to put into a model in order to reproduce the data. (Nothing wrong with such claims in principle! It's funny, though, that Lerner's crackpot astrophysics book "The Big Bang Never Happened" is devoted to criticism or insults of astronomers who make surprising inferences from models.) Anyway, one investigates such claims by (a) asking whether the experiments are done as claimed, (b) asking whether the experiment is being compared to a model using the actual physics of that model.

(To clarify what I mean: imagine you meet a seismologist who claims that his seismograph reveals that the Earth is hollow, and shows you that he reached that conclusion using "V_s - V_s in m/s= size of Earth in km", an equation that came to him in a dream. If the model is broken, then the conclusions do not follow even if the data is correct.)

Before getting into it, it's interesting that this one topic proceeds through a chain of people with (whatever their plasma-experiment credentials) side jobs as crackpots. We're reading cosmology-crackpot Eric Lerner citing the "quantitative theory" he coauthored with galaxy-modeling crackpot Antony Peratt that elaborates on an idea from particle-physics crackpot Winston Bostick. It's just---weird. It's like going to a biology conference and finding a supposedly-mainstream chemistry paper whose sources happen to be Michael Behe, Charles Thaxton, and Dean Kenyon. I don't know what, if anything, to make of it.

Anyway! The "model ... initially developed by Bostick and Nardi" citation does not lead, as expected, to a modeling paper but to an experimental paper; its abstract reports some imaging results. (My library doesn't subscribe to the source.) That's odd! Sources 21-26, which is where we're expected to find ALL of the plasma physics "elaborated" that allows "quantitative" translation between the observables and the plasma properties, are equally odd. They're all by Lerner, for starters. Let's go through them one by one. Does Lerner really have a theory that allows us to say "yes, this neutron time-of-flight result implies an 8um plasma filament with confined ions and decoupled electrons"?

  • E. J. Lerner, Laser Part. Beams 4(2 ), 193 (1986).http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0263034600001750 Off to a bad start. This is the first paper in the "quantitative" list, and it seems to start by assuming that some laboratory results are understood. The abstract is almost entirely about Lerner's galaxy and cosmology theory. (My library doesn't subscribe, I only have the abstract.)
  • E. J. Lerner and A. L. Peratt, Final Report, Jet Propulsion Laboratory contract No. 959962, 1995. Some sort of unpublished, unreviewed, inaccessible internal document? What the heck?
  • E. J. Lerner, in Current Trends in International Fusion Research—Proceedings of the Fifth Symposium, edited by E. Panarella, NRC (Research Press, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada, 2007). A conference talk published in a book. Fortunately my institution's library subscription lets me access it---and see that it is ANOTHER experimental paper, not containing any new elaboration of the plasma physics; indeed it looks like the exact same zero-dimensional calculations as in the 2012 paper.
  • Method and apparatus for producing x-rays, ion beams and nuclear fusion energy, U.S. patent 7,482,607 (2009). Insofar as there is a theory section in this patent, it's the same thing again. I repeat: what the hell? Where's the "elaboration" you claim to be citing?
  • E. J. Lerner and R. E. Terry, Current Trends in International Fusion Research—Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium, (National Research Council of Canada, 2009), p. 11. Something new! This paper has, in addition to the same data from previous papers copy-and-pasted, at least a discussion of a one-dimensional simulation. Unfortunately, it basically outlines how such simulations can be performed (over a page and a half) but does not do anything with them.
  • E. J. Lerner, S. K. Murali, and A. Haboub, J. Fusion Energy 30, 367 (2011).http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10894-011-9385-4 Nope! This is yet again a ghost of a quantitative theory.
    As described by
    Lerner 20, 22, 23, and Lerner and Peratt 21, the DPF
    process can be described quantitatively using only a few basic assumptions[/I]
    Those citations are, of course, this very same collection of inadequate papers and non-papers.
So, Eric: you've spent the past 30 years telling people that DPFs "can be described quantitatively". Despite that impressive-looking claim, and the long list of citation numbers you tack onto it, it looks like what you really mean is that there's an obscure zero-dimensional parameterization you worked out in 1986 in the course of a crackpot exploration of galaxy formation. Most of what you have done since then, it appears, is to multiply and divide any new results by some factors you worked out in 1986.

I am unimpressed. I am unimpressed by the calculations themselves. You really never plugged this into COMSOL, fought with the meshes for a while, and tried to pin down questions of stability and dynamics?

I am far more seriously unimpressed by the fact that that little stack-of-references

This model, initially developed by Bostick and Nardi,4 and confirmed by observations of several groups over three decades, was elaborated into a more quantitative theory by one of the present authors.21–26

really, really misleads a reader who isn't inclined to follow up. There are NOT five references "elaborating" anything into a more quantitative theory. There is approximately one reference containing a zero-dimensional quantitative theory, and approximately five references repeating that theory without elaborating it, improving it, testing it, or adding to anyone's confidence in it.
 
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Again, this is name-calling instead of physics arguments. If the theoretical calculations in the Journal of Fusion Energy are wrong, what is wrong with them? Calling them a ghost or crack-pot is something you could say of any theory, without in any way actually criticizing it. The more detailed derivations in the old Particle Beams paper should be available on our site, so I just requested permission from the publisher to do that. I would assume I will get it after 32 years! But if you really know things that are wrong with the JFE derivations, here is your chance to say what they are.
 

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