If the load is resistive, as in a resistive heater, DC current will transfer power to the load, even if it has an AC component superimposed on it.
Merged Cold Fusion Claims
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If the load is resistive, as in a resistive heater, DC current will transfer power to the load, even if it has an AC component superimposed on it.
ChumpusRex
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For as long as the current flows, yes. However, in an AC system current flows may not be constant, and hence it is usual to talk about time averages. A DC bias in this case, is one where the net current is in one direction only (and does not necessarily imply a current that continually flows).
With an AC supply voltage. Power will only be transferred by the in-phase component of the fundamental frequency AC component of the current.
In the case of a resistive heater connected via a half-wave rectifier to an AC supply, the current to the heater will have a DC component and an AC "ripple" component + a bunch of harmonics.
For example, if we have a 100 V rms AC supply, and a heater with a resistance of 10 Ohms, the RMS current with no rectifier is 10 A, giving a power of 1000W.
With a half-wave rectifier, by inspection, you'd guess the power to be 500W - and you'd be right.
However, the RMS current is not 5A, but 7A (10 / sqrt(2) ; not 10 / 2). Breaking down the current into it's components give a DC bias of 3.2 A, a 50 Hz in-phase component of 5A, and an infinite series of even harmonics to make up the balance of the current.
Neither the DC bias, nor the harmonics can transfer energy. Only the fundamental in-phase current can transfer energy, which is this case is 5 x 100 = 500 W.
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Thanks for the analysis. This is the sort of detail that makes Rossi's job very hard.
The laws of physics are very, very, very specific. If you build a device that obeys all the laws of physics, it'll obey all the laws of physics whether your knew about them or not. If you build a device where one component breaks a law of physics, well, the other components will obey all the working laws. But if you're trying to fake a device, i.e. to invent false data, your "data" will only obey the laws of physics that you put into it ... i.e., only the laws of physics that you happen to know.
So, Rossi has the idea to make some fake fusion devices. He assembles some plumbing parts, heats them up, and then starts trying to make up the details. "It emits gamma rays" sounds like a great claim, right? Very authentic! Except, oh crap, people are going to ask to verify that, and apparently there's a whole spectrum which is hard to fake. Better say, um, it's shielded, there we go. Oh crap, people are calculating the effect of the shielding? Um, let's call them low-energy gamma rays. Let's call it "new physics" and shut up about it.
A heater should boil water, right? Let's use the steam hose as a visual display in case people don't believe our rigged thermometer. Oh, crap, there are people who can do eyeball-estimates of steam volume? Need an excuse---oh, the steam condensed in the hose. Wait, there are laws of physics governing how much steam condenses in a hose? I didn't know that. Better stop doing steam demos, this is a real mine field.
OK, transmutation. Nickel into copper, easy. Let's show off a copper sample and ... oh, crap, there are multiple isotopes? Fine, we didn't expect that, but let's roll with it, it's "new physics". Oh, wait, some of the isotopes are radioactive? Better switch to one isotope. Oh, wait, apparently that isotope isn't available commercially? Well, maybe I purified it myself, dammit, you can't prove I didn't. STOP ASKING THESE QUESTIONS. Fine, fine, it's not actually copper production, it's new physics. We don't know what it is. It's a trade secret.
Now I have a nice demo for you with NO STEAM. Here is a photo of one power-measuring device, clearly showing numbers on the screen! Here is a photo of another device, showing higher numbers! Now what we do is ... oh, wait, someone looked at all those wiggly lines in the photo? And they could see some sort of phase just by looking at the lines? I had no idea that was possible. Let's try to focus attention on the inside of the device, which we will say contains a tiny amount of my magic powder. How tiny? Let's make it really tiny, oh, say, milligrams, that'll be impressive. Wait, what? We violated the laws of heat transfer? I never thought of that. Can we change it from milligrams back to grams? Maybe it'll all blow over.
trebor
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And i would like to see Rossi's order and bills for pure Ni 62. Just to make sure, you know. I am sure cambridge labs or any other outfit can then confirm the bill/order. ETA: and then he can send the isotopically pure Cu and Ni mix ashes without betraying industrial secret to isotopic analyzis. Oh wait no he did not.
According to Rossi it's his own low cost process, only adds 10% to the cost of the Ni...!
tsig
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He's jumping around like a flea on a hotplate.
i bet that the secret waveform component has to do with feeding of high frequency sparkplugs as for the Defkalion reactor.
And i also bet there is actually no chemical catalysor.
It's the sparkplugs which trigger the reactions hence the difference between dummy and e-cat input.
May be the reason why what is shown is not the waveform used during the test.
These waveforms are just there to convince us that they controlled the waveform and spectrum during the test even if they are not allowed to show it to us...
And i also bet there is actually no chemical catalysor.
It's the sparkplugs which trigger the reactions hence the difference between dummy and e-cat input.
May be the reason why what is shown is not the waveform used during the test.
These waveforms are just there to convince us that they controlled the waveform and spectrum during the test even if they are not allowed to show it to us...
ChumpusRex
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I actually made a mistake in my calculations; the reality the waveforms are even less representative of operation than I originally thought.
The power transfer is 100W in the displayed waveforms. However, the waveforms and currnts are consistent with a power factor of 0.5 when set to 900W power (which is what has been previously reported as the power factor for the live test).
Reality Check
Penultimate Amazing
Forget about the dubious calorimetry in the experiments.
Forget about the obvious experimental flaws in the experiments.
Forget about Rossi essentially running the experiments.
The E-Cat is back, and people are still falling for it!
Tommaso Dorigo impressed by a cold fusion paper
The actual physics bug in the experiments is the authors ignorance of the properties of real objects.
Tommaso Dorigo impressed by a cold fusion paper
Reality Check
Penultimate Amazing
That is a real problem for the authors then, henryco, - they lied
!One of the worse things you can do in science is to include fake data in a scientific paper. If the authors could not even measure these waveforms then they would have said so. So we assume that these waveforms shown in the paper are the actual waveforms used in the experiment.
Reality Check
Penultimate Amazing
We bet that you are wrong, henryco
.Rossi has never claimed that there is a sparkplug in his device.
The paper never mentions a sparkplug.
The cylinder is "fueled by a mixture of nickel, hydrogen, and a catalyst, which is kept as an industrial trade secret".
The interior of the cylinder is quite visible in the thermal images - no very hot sparkplugs visible!
In other words, you personally believe that Rossi is lying about everything, to everyone, including: you, his allies, everyone who reads his blog, the Italian patent authorities, journalists, and independent testers ... but that he can't be lying altogether about having invented an energy source?
That's a strange belief. It's like believing that Bernie Madoff was an investment genius whose real investments were so good that he needed a Ponzi scheme as a front to keep them secret.
marting
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As to setting emissivity to 1 this will have the effect of lowering the temperature recorded by the thermal imager and, for that purpose does represent a "conservative" approach. However, they then go on to use the same assumption of emissivity=1 for calculating radiated energy and that certainly isn't "conservative.
My skepticism is more along the lines of trusting the experimenters and whether all the sources of energy have been accounted for.
My skepticism is more along the lines of trusting the experimenters and whether all the sources of energy have been accounted for.
Aepervius
Non credunt, semper verificare
That is a real problem for the authors then, henryco, - they lied
One of the worse things you can do in science is to include fake data in a scientific paper. If the authors could not even measure these waveforms then they would have said so. So we assume that these waveforms shown in the paper are the actual waveforms used in the experiment.
catalyst in the broad definition is not necessarily the chemical catalyst. But you are right that from the begining the strategy to drive cold fusion searchers on the wrong direction has been to spread the belief that cold fusion was chemically induced ... but it's not, cold fusion is catalysed by micro ball lightning (mbl) produced by electric discharges with sufficient current densities: these objects in turn can be trapped and stabilized in some sites at the surface of the Nickel where they induce all the effects that we call LENR.
Just read the Defkalion publications : all this is described in some details.
The activated material (this means including the mbls) can be created before being introduced in the reactor (hence very large isotopic anomalies from the begining: multibody nuclear reactions at huge pressure take place in an mbl which might be pictured as a kind of cooled micro white dwarf (huge pressure but cold object) : read chapter VII in http://www.darksideofgravity.com/DG_neutrinos.pdf for more details) or the material can be reactivated periodically inside the reactor by the modified sparkplugs which generate a large flux of mbls.
In the article the radiated power is not computed, it is measured !
from this measurement a very underestimated temperature is derived assuming emissivity =1 by the software,
and from this temperature the power can be computed again with e=1 just to give you again what was measured and
other contributions are also computed such as the power emitted by convection which does not depend on the emissivity and is understimated due to the temp having been underestimated , so as far as i have understood everything is conservative, ... no ?
Aepervius
Non credunt, semper verificare
I won't even touch the micro white dwarf or any of the other above. I would treat what Defkalion says as extraordinary claim, requiring extraordinary evidence, for a serie of good reason too long to list here. I won't even comment on seeing lying as a strategy, we are beyond that by now.
Suffice to say that there was no sparks there was only a heating resistor in the corundum tube around the steel tube tested. Which makes your explanation irrelevant.
Horatius
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He could get rich with that process alone.
It's just like so much other science fiction - they never stop to think about the other implications of the technology, beyond what they need for the story. A good essay on this is Larry Niven's "On the Theory and Practice of Teleportation".
you dont know what is inside the reactor.
As for the micro ball lightning you might not know that there is each year a conference called
Russian conference on cold nuclear transmutation and Ball lightning
http://www.iscmns.org/rccnt19/RCCNT&BL-19 invitation.html
evidences that there is an obvious link between objects called ball lightnings produced in electric discharges which remain very enigmatic (there is no consensus on a conventional physics explanation) and cold nuclear transmutations are overwhelming
May be the best paper to start to learn about this is:
Urutskoev L.I., Liksonov V.I. Observation of transformation of chemical elements during electric discharge
arXiv
hysics/papers/0101089.pdfthere are hundreds of papers on the subject: one main discovery is that the micro objects produced in cold fusion experiments (due to electric discharges near the electrodes) sometimes called strange radiations or Ev or ectons or monopoles or electron clusters (reflecting the understanding, most of the time erroneous, of various searchers who discovered and studied them independently) have all the properties to be identified as microscopic scale ball lightnings.
Another important discovery is that at the surface of these objects there is a huge temperature gradient ... hence the simplest way to interpret them is to
see them as matter trapped inside a huge discontinuous potential :
these objects are just like microscopic stars except that it's not the usual gravitational potential that confines all it's matter content.
Even their biological effects have been studied quite thoroughly, how they can be produced in large fluxes, how these can be focalised in a beam
and how this beam can be used as a very efficient weapon: this is not science fiction ... again each year there is an international conference on the subject and the published papers are from scientists working in famous institutes.
SInce nuclear transmutations take place inside these objects, there are only two possibilities: either the temperatures or the pressures inside reach levels
sufficient to trigger nuclear reactions : however if the temperature was the trigger, we would have many high energy radiations associated with cold fusion as is well known. Thus there remains the second possibility : a cool object with huge pressures inside hence the analogy of a white dwarf after many billion years of cooling. Theb the pressure and density is so important that the nuclear reactions are many body ones and most high energetic particles produced , even neutrons are stopped (mean free path very small) and thermalized before being able to escape the object, hence no radiations.
Mister Earl
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you dont know what is inside the reactor.
As for the micro ball lightning you might not know that there is each year a conference called
Russian conference on cold nuclear transmutation and Ball lightning
http://www.iscmns.org/rccnt19/RCCNT&BL-19 invitation.html
evidences that there is an obvious link between objects called ball lightnings produced in electric discharges which remain very enigmatic (there is no consensus on a conventional physics explanation) and cold nuclear transmutations are overwhelming
May be the best paper to start to learn about this is:
Urutskoev L.I., Liksonov V.I. Observation of transformation of chemical elements during electric discharge
arXiv
there are hundreds of papers on the subject: one main discovery is that the micro objects produced in cold fusion experiments (due to electric discharges near the electrodes) sometimes called strange radiations or Ev or ectons or monopoles or electron clusters (reflecting the understanding, most of the time erroneous, of various searchers who discovered and studied them independently) have all the properties to be identified as microscopic scale ball lightnings.
Another important discovery is that at the surface of these objects there is a huge temperature gradient ... hence the simplest way to interpret them is to
see them as matter trapped inside a huge discontinuous potential :
these objects are just like microscopic stars except that it's not the usual gravitational potential that confines all it's matter content.
Even their biological effects have been studied quite thoroughly, how they can be produced in large fluxes, how these can be focalised in a beam
and how this beam can be used as a very efficient weapon: this is not science fiction ... again each year there is an international conference on the subject and the published papers are from scientists working in famous institutes.
SInce nuclear transmutations take place inside these objects, there are only two possibilities: either the temperatures or the pressures inside reach levels
sufficient to trigger nuclear reactions : however if the temperature was the trigger, we would have many high energy radiations associated with cold fusion as is well known. Thus there remains the second possibility : a cool object with huge pressures inside hence the analogy of a white dwarf after many billion years of cooling. Theb the pressure and density is so important that the nuclear reactions are many body ones and most high energetic particles produced , even neutrons are stopped (mean free path very small) and thermalized before being able to escape the object, hence no radiations.
You forgot to end with, "And it was invented by BIGFOOT."
Dude, this is all fantasy. Note how none of what you posted was proof on any sort, and for it to be of any value to anyone whatsoever, it requires that everything to be taken on faith. That is how we know it's bunk. Science doesn't require that you "take their word for it". You can always do the test yourself and judge your own results.
The difference between this bunk and actual science is that nut takes extreme measures to ensure that nobody can test for themselves and replicate the results. This is because he knows they will not. Roaches and scammers both flee to under the fridge when the light comes on.
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