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Clarification of Terms

TO DYMANIC

You wrote 10-30-2003 04:53 PM:
Soderqvist1: Yes, and unread genes are labeled recessive too!

Dymanic: No, it's really not the same thing. Introns as well as exons may be either homozygous or heterozygous. Non-coding segments of DNA aren't referred to as 'genes' anyway, that being defined by phenotypic effects.

Soderqvist1: I was too broad in my definition; I didn't mean the large stretches of inert unread chromosomes this kind of inertness are not the "recessive kind"! I mean that in the double helix, chromosome 12a, and 12b, loci X and Y. Hence X brown is dominant when Y is blue. Two recessive blue, one on X and one on Y is read. But what happens when other colors are involved say X black, and Y green? Something intermediary, or fractionally can be the outcome. Y is recessive when its reading ratio is lower than 50% or zero, as far as I have understood!

Soderqvist1: My proposal is that; genes code directly for proteins, and thus indirectly for behavior!

Dymanic: I agree, with much emphasis on indirectly.

Soderqvist1: Ditto!

When I use the phrase, 'genetically driven behavior', think of a person driving a flock of ducks before him. I don't know if you have any experience herding ducks, but suffice it to say that while one may exert an influence over the path such a herd will take, that influence will fall far short of anything like actual control, and will at all times be very dependent on other factors such as local terrain and the whims of individual ducks which, for all practical purposes, may be considered random.

Soderqvist1: genetic driven behavior is algorithmic!
Human strollers in a city doesn't know exactly what steps their feet has taken under the strolling either, because their feet has simply unconsciously carried out the algorithm, just as our hands do it by themselves when we write messages in this forum! Frankly, we lose our ability to write if we think too much about it, somehow the algorithm disturbs by conscious intervention! Just as school boys under oral exam who thinks too much about what to say, can suffer from tongue-tied-ness! The remedy is: don't think, do it!

The explanation that makes the most sense to me is that behavior, human behavior in particular, is a complex composite of what might be called sub-processes, some co-operating with each other, some competing, and some of which are, in turn, composites of sub-sub-processes.

Soderqvist1: Yes, the Turing machine carries out its algorithms!
Chaotic behavior like strolling is unpredictable, but walking from our home to our work is a volitional act, yet our particular steeps are still unpredictable, but our work is anyway consciously reached!

A behavior is not expressed in a phenotype any more than a melody is built in to the structure of a musical instrument. But an instrument may be designed and built in such a way as to make certain types of melodies easier to play, and others difficult or impossible. A simple, primitive behavior (like flinching when someone pokes a stick at your eye) may quickly produce predictable results by limiting the number of available choices, making it easier to say that this is an effect produced by this or that (or these or those) genes. But as the number of potential 'notes' increases, it becomes harder (either for us or the genes) to predict the results, and exactly what behavior is being coded for becomes less and less definable; at best we can only talk about types of behaviors being statistically influenced.

Soderqvist1: My proposal is that the genes exert phenotypic behavior, that behavior is more or less modified by the environment, for instance prenatal development need the environment!

You mentioned pleiotropy, another example of the convoluted nature of the path from DNA to behavior (or any other phenotypic effect). Even if we can establish a connection between a particular DNA sequence and a particular effect, how do we prove that the same sequence cannot have other, unknown effects?

Soderqvist1: I simply don't know!
But the sum is bigger than its component parts, in a complex system, because a complex system raises emergent properties, which cannot be found in its individual elements. For instance a vortex in your bathtub cannot be understood from the knowledge of the properties, of the molecules, which makes up the water! Because interaction between these indefinitely many molecules rises emergent properties (a vortex), which can only be understood on higher level, or order, namely, at the laws of fluid dynamics.

A single ant is considered as automaton and has only 6 ways to signalizing to his fellows, and is considered unconscious by the biologists. But interactions between ants in an anthill is very complex, for instance some ant species takes other ants as slaves, and some of these ants are "farmers" and cultivates fungus, and other keep aphids as domestics, and milking them, etc! These emergent properties cannot be found in a single ant's psychology, not in its physiology either! Natural selection made the human brain big, but most of our mental properties, and potentials may be emergent properties, as a consequence of building a device with such a structural complexity!

All this seems to suggest that consciousness is an emergent property, just as Hofstadter & Dennett has said in the Mind's I. Ants in the anthill, and neurons in the brain is analogous, and the anthill is an individual, eloquently named; Anthillary! It is a very well known fact that introversion wear down, or disturb a learned pattern, how can it be so if complexity generates consciousness; that the conscious decision to learn to write existed before the learned pattern, and that it is impossible to learn a complex task let's say writing without consciousness, but afterward when writing is learned and thus automaton, and we simply just do it by habit, the complex mental pattern cannot endure conscious awareness anymore?

I will be back at Monday!
 
Originally posted by Peter Soderqvist

genetic driven behavior is algorithmic!
I think the jury is still out on that -- certainly on whether all aspects of human behavior are algorithmic.

But what exactly is meant by algorithmic behavior anyway? Let's say that a fish has algorithms that govern the behavior of swimming. The actual behavior -- swimming -- is very dependent on the presence of water. Throw the fish up on the beach, and these same algorithms will produce very different results -- would we then say that we were observing the results of algorithms for 'flopping'? It's not enough to say that the behavior is modified by the water; the water is as much a part of the behavior as are the algorithms themselves.

Arguably the most distinctive feature of human behavior is its flexibility. A human can (quickly) improvise solutions to unique problems without (necessarily) having to reference a database of hard-wired responses (a database created through trial-and-error on the part of countless ancestors and stored as genetic information). Or, at least, while a response may be a composite which includes the influences of some such references, these serve more as guidelines than rules in an algorithmic sense when they form part of a complex behavior.

A modern human navigates an environment which includes many significant aspects far too recent in innovation to have become visible on an evolutionary timescale, yet he is sensitive to the subtlest of these nuances, formulating responses to situations neither he nor any of his ancestors may have ever encountered before. The treatment of specific details in such an environment as mere variables in an algorithmic decision-making process does not seem to me powerful enough to explain the full extent of human creativity and flexibility, because of limitations that arise from what I see as an unavoidable necessity to give such variables a predetermined scope. (Though this may amount to little more than an argument from personal incredulity on my part -- and also, I would consider such an explanation to have some value.)

You might be interested in Yerkes-Dodson law.
 

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