Microphone Basics:
POLAR PATTERN
Polar pattern refers to the directionality of a microphone. Though possible polar patterns are infinite, there are a few patterns that are far more common than any others.
Omnidirectional
An omnidirectional microphone hears in all directions equally, with a minor rejection directly backward to soundwaves smaller that the microphone itself. This apply only to very high pitched sounds. For context, the human voice has wave lengths measured in several feet for vowels, to several inches for consonants.
Strengths of omnidirectional mics are ability to hear anything around them, lack of rejection of low frequency sounds, and lack of proximity effect (explained below). The only weakness is inability to focus in any particular direction.
Omni pattern chart:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/1800647795894a63c7.gif[/qimg]
This chart shows the omni as a circle, which means there is no reduction at any angle from where the mic is pointed. 0 degrees is where the mic is pointed for any chart, anywhere a line moves toward the center of the chart there is reduction of the sound picked up.
Cardioid:
Cardioid (aka unidirectional) microphones hear best out the front and not at all out the exact back. This is the ideal, but in the real world anywhere but an anechoic chamber (no echo chamber) a sound from directly behind would be heard somewhat. At 90 degrees of axis, sound is reduced by about 1/2, though to the ear it would seem like more than 1/2 the intensity (too long a discussion to get into here). Strengths are a tendency to pick up one particular direction. Weaknesses are minor rejection of low frequencies, only minor rejection from the sides and minor proximity effect. Proximity effect is the tendency for a mic to overproduce low frequencies from a very close (inches or less) sound source. Here is the pattern for a cardioid mic:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/18006477959fc6f1b7.gif[/qimg]
Note the major rejection from the back and minor rejection from the sides. Cardioid mics can also be hyper cardioid, which creates more rejection to the sides, but less at the back. These are better for isolation in some contexts. Here is that pattern:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/1800647795b5501135.jpg[/qimg]
Bi-directional:
Bi-directional (aka figure 8) microphones hear equally well out the front or back, but reject the sides completely. This is most common in ribbon microphones. Strengths are an extreme rejection from the sides and ability to capture two separate sources. Weaknesses are proximity effect and low frequency rejection. Here is a bi-directional pattern:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/1800647795c01d9c9c.gif[/qimg]
Note the side rejection and the equal front and back lobes.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
There are two major principles of operation for microphones and two major categories of each principle.
DYNAMIC MICS:
Dynamic microphones use passive electronics to move either a coil or a ribbon in a magnetic field in response to sound pressure and induce a voltage across attached wires. These microphones do not need a power source to operate. They generally are cheaper and lower sound quality than condenser microphones. They can have any polar pattern.
Moving coil mics:
These are by far the most common microphone on the market. This is the classic Shure SM-57, useful for loud sound sources and pounding in stage nails:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/thum_180064779558a63c87.jpg[/qimg]
Though they can be any polar pattern, cardioid and hyper cardioid are the most common. Their strengths are low cost, durability, and tolerance for high sound pressure levels (SPL). Weaknesses are transient response (rate at which they react to changes in SPL), noise and fidelity.
Ribbon Mics:
These are the old time radio style mics. They have made a comeback recently for studio applications. This is the Cascade Victor Long Ribbon Microphone:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/thum_18006477956bb9595f.jpg[/qimg]
These mics are easiest to implement in a bidirectional (fig. 8) polar pattern, but can also be omni. Strengths are mainly transient response, though may have more fidelity than moving coils. Weaknesses are extreme fragility, limited directional choices in commercially available models, cost and sensitivity (meaning they put out very little voltage)
CONDENSER MICS
Condenser (or capacitor) mics use active electronics to allow a capacitor to move in response to sound pressure and induce a voltage across attached wires. These require that the capacitor be powered by either a Field Effect Transistor (FET) or vacuum tube. FET and tube mics are the two major implementations of condenser mics, and I won't bother discussing them separately for purposes of this. Here is a Neumann TLM 103 large capsule Condenser:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/thum_1800647795e3b119fb.jpg[/qimg]
and a Behringer B-5 small capsule condenser:
[qimg]http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/imagehosting/thum_1800647795eb14075f.jpg[/qimg]
Many large condensers allow polar pattern to be selected between many choices, and a few allow pattern to be swept to any of the infinite patterns possible. Strengths are excellent fidelity, high sensitivity, and numerous available polar responses. Weaknesses are cost and fragility. I use condenser mics whenever possible.
Any questions?