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Beliefs: how do they work?

1) Science is materialistic, as I understand the term to mean. By its nature it does not refer to rules which are external to our ability to directly or indirectly affect our observations.

2) I think what you meant (correct me if I'm wrong) was that by referring to science in describing our perceived universe, I'm assuming that our observations arise from purely materialistic sources. If so, what do you understand the word 'materialism' to refer to these days?

Athon

1. Not sure what you mean by this. For example, science speculates on what happens inside a black hole, where not even observation is possible.

2) Materialism refers to a model of reality where the world consists of physical matter (atoms, rocks, trees, etc.). You could use the term "physicalism", also.
 
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2) Materialism refers to a model of reality where the world consists of physical matter (atoms, rocks, trees, etc.). You could use the term "physicalism", also.

There are some threads on here that have examined this definition of materialism and quite conclusively demonstrated that it is not how it is used today.

ETA: See: http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showthread.php?t=103081 and http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showthread.php?t=112097
 
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Then they're using some other term.

"1 a: a theory that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality and that all being and processes and phenomena can be explained as manifestations or results of matter b: a doctrine that the only or the highest values or objectives lie in material well-being and in the furtherance of material progress c: a doctrine that economic or social change is materially caused — compare historical materialism" http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/materialism

"Materialism, as philosophy, has two major positions. The first position states that physical matter is the only reality. Materialism rejects any conclusion that relies on the existence of supernatural or non-physical reality. The second major position states that everything can be explained through physical means, including such seemingly unphysical phenomena such as thought, emotions, and will."

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_definition_of_materialism

"Physicalism is the thesis that everything is physical, or as contemporary philosophers sometimes put it, that everything supervenes on the physical. The thesis is usually intended as a metaphysical thesis, parallel to the ancient Greek philosopher Thales's thesis that everything is water, or the idealism of the 18th Century philosopher Berkeley, that everything is mental. The general idea is that the nature of the actual world (i.e. the universe and everything in it) conforms to a certain condition, the condition of being physical. Of course, physicalists don't deny that the world might contain many items that at first glance don't seem physical -- items of a biological, or psychological, or moral, or social nature. But they insist nevertheless that at the end of the day such items are wholly physical.

Physicalism is sometimes known as materialism."

http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
 
Yet malerin, there is no discernable difference between materialism/physicalism or any other ********-ism you care to name. So the belief system does not effect the outcome of the events in the 'world' , whatever that maybe. The belief system will impact the 'choices' that 'beings' make in that 'world'.

Again I ask, although it goes in the other thread.

What difference would there be ? If we define it as not being able to reduce all to some physical component, then that is dualism.
 
Oh God, not the hoary old "hit yourself in the head if you don't believe in materialism" :rolleyes: Go rent The Matrix, please, or read "The Experience Machine" by Robert Nozick (no, he's not a SF writer). As you read it (and the objections to it), you will notice that no one ever objects that a person in the experience machine would somehow be able to prove they were in the machine by hitting themselves on the head :rolleyes:
The Matrix? I've seen all three movies as well as the Animatrix, which does include a case where a teenager self-substantiates (he's the kid who appears in the second and third movies). I've read numerous interviews with the Wachowski brothers about where their ideas were derived from and what ideas they were trying to convey with the movies. They were not making literal arguments against materialism. Did you miss all the symbology and themes taken from religions such as Christianity and Buddhism, or Plato's allegory of the Cave? Did you ignore the plot completely? Did you miss the fact that, well, the real world actually exists in the movie? One could make a much stronger argument against mainstream religion based on the movie, where people are brainwashed into a set of religious beliefs from birth, and only a few manage to break free and see reality for what it is.

A computer simulated world would have internal inconsistencies. Several major plotlines focus on this idea. The machines tried to work around this by compensating for glitches in the system, and this incidentally includes the way they anticipated the arrival of The One and recalibrated the Matrix to compensate for his presence. It wasn't a perfect illusion, and neither would any simulated reality be.

Furthermore, you ignored what I said about how modern medicine has had to learn to treat the mind as part of the body. When the body gets sick, the mind suffers, and the normal thinking process is affected. Traumatize your physical brain by subjecting it to drugs, alcohol, improper diet, or yes, blunt force trauma, and the same thing will happen. If you've ever watched a person waste away from Alzheimer's disease, you'd realize that changes in brain function can completely change who a person is, all the way down to their memories and personality. If you've ever suffered from or known anyone who has a mental illness, you'd realize that internal thoughts are not the most reliable thing in the world.

If solipsism or idealism were true, then the body would be contingent on the mind, not the other way around, and sick people could cure themselves just by thinking about it. Many of them would have done so a long time ago. Life is difficult for many people and the world isn't always fair. If thoughts were capable of altering this "illusion" of reality, someone would have already discovered how to do so. Why would any individual, let alone everyone in the world, deliberately cause suffering for him/herself or others?

I think that's the problem- you're neck-deep in philosophy without any grounding in the actual field. Basic concepts elude you.
I've taken several courses in it and have studied it independently for several years. I was keeping my responses simple so that there'd be no excuse for further deliberate misunderstandings on your part. Now that you've resorted to mind-reading again, I can tell that I wasted my time taking your claims seriously.

So human cloning is anti-science? Bio-engineering (they're in favor of that too)? Existence of aliens is unscientific? In the vastness of the universe, I have no doubt there are aliens capable of genetically engineering a planet. The Raelians may be wrong in their claim that it happened here, or that they've cloned a human, but there is nothing unscientific to their claims. Human cloning is right around the corner. I fully expect it in my lifetime.

The point is that the Raelians were portrayed as anti-science by some atheists here. They're not. They're obsessed with the idea of genetic manipulation, cloning, bio-engineering and are outspoken materialists.
Again, intelligent design by aliens forms the foundation of their beliefs, and all their other obsessions stem from that. Belief in intelligent design, in spite of the billions of bits of evidence that shows otherwise, is unscientific. Their belief in UFOs, despite the total lack of evidence, is also unscientific. There's a huge difference between what SETI does and outright claiming that aliens have already visited and done X, Y, and Z.

The fact that they ascribe to certain aspects of legitimate science, for all the wrong reasons, does not change the fact that their core belief is unscientific. It would be the same as if you were to take up marine biology solely because you're convinced that the Loch Ness Monster exists.
 
An hypothesis is not evidence. Nice speculating, show us the evidence.

Fair point. I should have provided some cites. Here's one. If you google "placebo effect, dopamine, NAC" there are more, but I didn't have time to see if they're all referencing the same paper.

Basically, the article proposes that for pain relief placebos work in this manner. Thus praying to a deity with the expectation that pain would be relieved should stimulate dopamine production simply through the presence of the belief, the expectation.

Nick
 
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Nick, you seem really fascinated by the brain. Do you think that if we could make a mechanical facsimile identical to an organic brain (e.g., microchips in place of neurons), it would experience consciousness?

OK, Strong AI! I think the first thing you need to justify is the notion that you experience consciousness, because from a strict materialist perspective (which to me is the model you're proposing) I would dispute this!

Nick
 
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The Matrix? I've seen all three movies as well as the Animatrix, which does include a case where a teenager self-substantiates (he's the kid who appears in the second and third movies). I've read numerous interviews with the Wachowski brothers about where their ideas were derived from and what ideas they were trying to convey with the movies. They were not making literal arguments against materialism. Did you miss all the symbology and themes taken from religions such as Christianity and Buddhism, or Plato's allegory of the Cave? Did you ignore the plot completely? Did you miss the fact that, well, the real world actually exists in the movie? One could make a much stronger argument against mainstream religion based on the movie, where people are brainwashed into a set of religious beliefs from birth, and only a few manage to break free and see reality for what it is.

The point of bringing up the Matrix and "Experience Machine" is that nobody got out of the matrix by hitting themselves on the head. Nobody makes the sense-data objection to Nozick's "Experience Machine". Hitting yourself only proves that you are experiencing something. It doesn't tell you anything about what that something is. The sensation of pain could come from a computer program, be thought up in a dream, given to you as a brain-in-a-vat, sent by nerves to a physical brain, etc.

A computer simulated world would have internal inconsistencies.
In the Matrix or are you making a generalization about all possible computer simulations?

Several major plotlines focus on this idea. The machines tried to work around this by compensating for glitches in the system, and this incidentally includes the way they anticipated the arrival of The One and recalibrated the Matrix to compensate for his presence. It wasn't a perfect illusion, and neither would any simulated reality be.
OK, so I think you're making the claim about any simulated illusion. Are you basing this on the movie?
1) How do you know a simulation would have glitches at all? If it did, how do you know those glitches be noticeable? Maybe they would occur only at the sub-atomic level.
2) By claiming all simulations would have glitches, you're assuming you're in a "glitch-free" reality. How you prove this without resorting to circular reasoning?
3) Even granting that all simulations would not be perfect, it doesn't follow that reality is materialistic. I don't see why an idealistic reality (reality as a projection of mind or God) couldn't be error-free.

Furthermore, you ignored what I said about how modern medicine has had to learn to treat the mind as part of the body. When the body gets sick, the mind suffers, and the normal thinking process is affected. Traumatize your physical brain by subjecting it to drugs, alcohol, improper diet, or yes, blunt force trauma, and the same thing will happen. If you've ever watched a person waste away from Alzheimer's disease, you'd realize that changes in brain function can completely change who a person is, all the way down to their memories and personality. If you've ever suffered from or known anyone who has a mental illness, you'd realize that internal thoughts are not the most reliable thing in the world.
This could still all be true in a simulation, dream, experience machine, etc. Replace "physical brain" with "idealistic brain" (or lines of code relating to a brain) and you would have the same effect. Again, you're assuming materiastic cause and effect relationships are true.

If solipsism or idealism were true, then the body would be contingent on the mind, not the other way around, and sick people could cure themselves just by thinking about it.
Not necessarily. It could be solipsisism and you have limited yourself out of fear that the truth (that only you exist) would be too much to handle. Curing yourself or performing miracles might reveal the truth of things.


Many of them would have done so a long time ago. Life is difficult for many people and the world isn't always fair. If thoughts were capable of altering this "illusion" of reality, someone would have already discovered how to do so. Why would any individual, let alone everyone in the world, deliberately cause suffering for him/herself or others?
Why do people drink, kill themselves, commit robberies or do all other sorts of stupid things? People are conflicted. It doesn't follow that if idealism is true the world would be a paradise. Also, if reality is theistic, God may have reasons we can't fathom for allowing the world to be the way it is.

I admit that the overall ********** of the world is a problem for the idealist or theist (who believes in an all-loving powerful God). I don't think it's an insurmountable one, or changes the odds, but it does have to be addressed (and the poor quality of the world would go well with the idea of an evil genius running things). I don't think it's a problem for solipsism because you'd have to be crazy to make all this up and then hide the fact from yourself.


I've taken several courses in it and have studied it independently for several years. I was keeping my responses simple so that there'd be no excuse for further deliberate misunderstandings on your part. Now that you've resorted to mind-reading again, I can tell that I wasted my time taking your claims seriously.
Oh, I bet I'll see a reply to this.


Again, intelligent design by aliens forms the foundation of their beliefs, and all their other obsessions stem from that. Belief in intelligent design, in spite of the billions of bits of evidence that shows otherwise, is unscientific. Their belief in UFOs, despite the total lack of evidence, is also unscientific. There's a huge difference between what SETI does and outright claiming that aliens have already visited and done X, Y, and Z.
This belongs in a different thread. I think we had different definitions of anti-science. I took it to mean Raelians had a belief in witchcraft and rejected science like some weird medieval cult. In fact, their worldview is based on science (cloning, bio-engineering, genetic modification, etc.)


The fact that they ascribe to certain aspects of legitimate science, for all the wrong reasons, does not change the fact that their core belief is unscientific. It would be the same as if you were to take up marine biology solely because you're convinced that the Loch Ness Monster exists.
What about a marine biologist who believes in God? Are they anti-science?

Please review your Membership Agreement regarding unacceptable words - what you had written was unacceptable for the forum. (Replaced word with asterisks)
Replying to this modbox in thread will be off topic  Posted By: jmercer
 
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OK, Strong AI! I think the first thing you need to justify is the notion that you experience consciousness, because from a strict materialist perspective (which to me is the model you're proposing) I would dispute this!

Nick

I don't think I can justify it to anyone. I can only self-report what I feel. Do you yourself experience "consciousness"? I have the feeling of self-awareness, my choices seem freely made, I feel certain emotions, and I don't feel like I'm following a program.

Even if we created a computer that was self-aware and conscious, we might never be sure of it. We could only go by what it could tell us. But then I'm reading Forever Peace and maybe there would be a way to "jack-in" to a computer and experience what it's experiencing.
 
I don't think I can justify it to anyone. I can only self-report what I feel.

Yes. But how do you know that this act of self-reporting really refers to an actual self? Can you be sure that it is not merely this act that creates a self? Without this reporting, without this thinking, is there any longer a subject of experience?

My point is that, in order to really start to grasp Strong AI, you need to grasp that this notion of selfhood which is created by thinking and language does not actually refer to anything. The word "I" is a reference, but it has no actual referent.

If this is appreciated then I think it can be seen that perhaps this so-called "consciousness" is actually not such a complex phenomenon after all, that maybe it doesn't even really exist. It is rather that humans have developed a means to infer it exists even though there is actually no one who makes the inference.

eta: So, I would say, this "I" that is the apparent subject of experience is an illusion. It's an illusion with a couple of important biological functions - forming social bonds and integrating thinking with bodily processes - but it's still an illusion.

When one contemplates creating a machine that can replicate what we call "consciousness," all that is needed to start to get over the "hard problem" is a couple of features - 1. that it can replicate thinking and 2. that it can create from thinking a sense of selfhood. It does not need an actual self, because there is anyway no such thing, in the materialist sense, it just needs to behave as though there is, because that is anyway all we actually do. We, as the products of evolution, have a biological need for the illusory self. It wouldn't have these needs.

Nick
 
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1. Not sure what you mean by this. For example, science speculates on what happens inside a black hole, where not even observation is possible.

Ah, but indirect observations are possible, and it is based on these that speculation arises. We use observations to create laws from which we deduct what is happening within a black hole. We also can't observe inside the Earth, but we can use a range of other observations to come to a conclusion in a similar way.

2) Materialism refers to a model of reality where the world consists of physical matter (atoms, rocks, trees, etc.). You could use the term "physicalism", also.

Interesting that you say this. If we were in the 19th century, I might nod and agree with your definition. Fortunately we understand that matter is comprised of more than just (or rather, isn't at all) hard bits of stuff, but that all matter is a manifestation of energy, and an interaction of forces between units which we describe with inherent properties.

By this account, anything we observe must therefore arise from something that a) has properties which affect our universe in an observable fashion, and therefore b) interacts with the laws as we currently understand them.

Athon
 
The point of bringing up the Matrix and "Experience Machine" is that nobody got out of the matrix by hitting themselves on the head. Nobody makes the sense-data objection to Nozick's "Experience Machine". Hitting yourself only proves that you are experiencing something. It doesn't tell you anything about what that something is. The sensation of pain could come from a computer program, be thought up in a dream, given to you as a brain-in-a-vat, sent by nerves to a physical brain, etc.
My point was that your analogy was false, since you obviously aren't referring to the same movies I saw, or the same themes the writers themselves had intended for it. The character known as "Kid" or Michael Karl Popper, was featured in the Animatrix short "Kid's Story" as one who liberated himself from the Matrix. In the same series, the track runner character Dan Davis in the short "World Record" temporarily freed himself from the Matrix reality by ignoring the pain in his muscles, which were not really experiencing pain. Your analogy fails even further when you consider that there were people living outside the Matrix reaching in all the time.

Why did you bring up The Matrix at all? Just to argue that a simulated reality is a possibility, while disregarding all the other factors that it was based on? I hope you know that the Wachowski brothers made their millions by marketing it as fiction. Check out the official website for explanations of the philosophical themes.

1) How do you know a simulation would have glitches at all? If it did, how do you know those glitches be noticeable? Maybe they would occur only at the sub-atomic level.
If we're still talking about the movies, the glitches were identified as anything that broke the normal rules. Based on that, your arguments that we can't truly "know" anything about reality fall apart when you consider that knowing the basic physical laws of the world, even the Matrix world, would be necessary to identify any potential glitches. If this is about some hypothetical perfect simulation, then my point about knowing the physical laws within that simulation still stands, as it would be necessary for one to function within it. In a hypothetical perfect simulation, the hidden, secondary, outside, or real world would actually have no influence on our lives whatsoever, therefore the argument that we can't "know" anything about said outside world is rather moot.

2) By claiming all simulations would have glitches, you're assuming you're in a "glitch-free" reality. How you prove this without resorting to circular reasoning?
Easy, just give me another reality to compare it to. I'm sure that if you're basing an argument on the possibility of an external reality, in order to draw conclusions about this reality, then you should have no problem fleshing out the details. Go ahead, I'll wait.

3) Even granting that all simulations would not be perfect, it doesn't follow that reality is materialistic. I don't see why an idealistic reality (reality as a projection of mind or God) couldn't be error-free.
This presupposes God / that reality is contingent on the mind, but that's probably beside the point. See what I said about the perfect simulation. If this were really the case, then the outside reality would have no effect on us whatsoever, therefore there's no reason not to treat the "illusion" as reality for all intents and purposes. Similarly if God existed entirely outside the universe, then he wouldn't be anything that concerns us, since he'd have no impact on our lives at all. It's not really a problem for materialism if you claim that reality is a flawless simulation, because you've provided nothing meaningful about the theoretical outside world.

This could still all be true in a simulation, dream, experience machine, etc. Replace "physical brain" with "idealistic brain" (or lines of code relating to a brain) and you would have the same effect. Again, you're assuming materiastic cause and effect relationships are true.
I'm not assuming, I'm saying they're demonstrable. You haven't provided any evidence that the reverse is true. Mistreat your body and your mind suffers. Change your mind and, well, the effects on your body are limited to the relationship between positive thinking and long term health. Mind you, the latter is a scientific finding based on studies of how brain chemistry influences the body (you know, materialism).

Not necessarily. It could be solipsisism and you have limited yourself out of fear that the truth (that only you exist) would be too much to handle. Curing yourself or performing miracles might reveal the truth of things.
Again with the mind-reading. But I digress. You're basing your hypothetical statement on speculation and a possibility that has zero evidence to back it up. If you're looking for what might be true, wild guesses aren't usually a good place to start.

Why do people drink, kill themselves, commit robberies or do all other sorts of stupid things? People are conflicted. It doesn't follow that if idealism is true the world would be a paradise. Also, if reality is theistic, God may have reasons we can't fathom for allowing the world to be the way it is.
You're analogizing making temporary mistakes / lapses in judgment to deliberately causing suffering for oneself and all others in all places at all times. That's a lot like saying that because people make mistakes sometimes, we're all evil sinners from birth who can't redeem ourselves. Also, if you're making a theistic argument for theodicy, the only way to avoid special pleading is to avoid drawing any moral conclusions about God at all, but that's a different topic.

I admit that the overall ********** of the world is a problem for the idealist or theist (who believes in an all-loving powerful God). I don't think it's an insurmountable one, or changes the odds, but it does have to be addressed (and the poor quality of the world would go well with the idea of an evil genius running things). I don't think it's a problem for solipsism because you'd have to be crazy to make all this up and then hide the fact from yourself.
I don't see how what you just said demonstrates that the problem of evil isn't a problem for solipsism. Did you mean to say one could be crazy and then made it up and hid the fact? It sounds more like one would need to be crazy to create all the evil and suffering in the world and then hide the fact from oneself.

On an unrelated note, solipsism seems a lot like Christianity, in that there's only one true member at any given time.

This belongs in a different thread. I think we had different definitions of anti-science. I took it to mean Raelians had a belief in witchcraft and rejected science like some weird medieval cult. In fact, their worldview is based on science (cloning, bio-engineering, genetic modification, etc.)
Probably. I consider them anti-science because the basis for their beliefs, as well as their obsession with various scientific fields, is an idea that flies in the face of established scientific facts. It would be like someone who is obsessed with the fields of immunology, hematology, and phlebotomy only because he's convinced he's really a vampire.

What about a marine biologist who believes in God? Are they anti-science?
Didn't I say that one can believe in God and accept the conclusions of science, such as evolution? Didn't you say there's no way I'd ever change your mind? To echo the sentiment of Michael Shermer, what greater tool than science could God have bestowed upon us to understand and appreciate the splendor of his creation?
 
To echo the sentiment of Michael Shermer, what greater tool than science could God have bestowed upon us to understand and appreciate the splendor of his creation?

Empathy. And after that History. Both trump Science as ways of knowing.

cj x
 
Empathy. And after that History. Both trump Science as ways of knowing.

cj x

We'll have to get to work informing medical researchers around the world that they're taking the wrong tack in looking for new cures. :rolleyes:
 
We'll have to get to work informing medical researchers around the world that they're taking the wrong tack in looking for new cures. :rolleyes:

If there wasn't empathy there'd be no medicine in the first place, except perhaps for the remedies we each individually invented as and when our own individual ailments arose.
 
Empathy. And after that History. Both trump Science as ways of knowing.

cj x
Now, that's just silly. Empathy is actually a nice little way for people to con you. Nothing beats Appeals to emotion.

The Hubble Space telescope, LHC, experimentation and research are very empathetic indeed:rolleyes:
 
Empathy. And after that History. Both trump Science as ways of knowing.

cj x

We've been over this. Historical investigation employs the methods and techniques of science, such as evidence gathering and analysis, so they're not two different things, and certainly not mutually exclusive. As for empathy, you're comparing apples to, well, durianWP. Emotions help us communicate with others, surmise their states of mind, and treat them a certain way for better or worse. What you're claiming is like saying that science and singing are at odds with each other.

We can certainly sing about science. :D
 
If there wasn't empathy there'd be no medicine in the first place, except perhaps for the remedies we each individually invented as and when our own individual ailments arose.

If there wasn't cognition there'd be no medicine in the first place....
If there wasn't reason there'd be no medicine in the first place....
If there wasn't memory there'd be no medicine in the first place....
If there wasn't life there'd be no medicine in the first place....
If there wasn't infirmity there'd be no medicine in the first place....
If there wasn't communication there'd be no medicine in the first place....

You've heard the term, "necessary but insufficient"? How about, "trivial"?
 
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