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Anti-semitism hits record high in UK

Yes I know. Look I come from a scottish traveler family so I never really went to school more than a few weeks or so each year-seriosly my gran taught me to read when the folks were picking potatoes. Your just gonna have to bear it. I am aware of the problem though and will try to be neater. Its weird I own hundreds and I mean hundreds of books mostly history but I've never had cause really to write much.
 
Grammar, mate. Punctuation. Trust me on this.

Yes I know. Look I come from a scottish traveler family so I never really went to school more than a few weeks or so each year-seriosly my gran taught me to read when the folks were picking potatoes. Your just gonna have to bear it. I am aware of the problem though and will try to be neater. Its weird I own hundreds and I mean hundreds of books mostly history but I've never had cause really to write much.

I hope you don't take this wrongly, but you do have interesting things to say*. I'd tend to have a paragraph per idea, and think the following is easier to read, with only punctuation and formatting being altered**:



Jews in Europe have suffered a horrific catalogue of abuse: "Hey the wells dried up - kill a few Jews. Plague has struck - kill a few Jews. We lost a battle - lets round up the Jews."

Pogroms (some officially sanctioned, some not) were a constant feature of life until well in living memory. The Jews of Europe survived in spite of the events, not because they did not happen.

History is full of oppression and genocide but the persecution of the European Jews is almost in a league of its own, certainly only the genocide of the gypsies is comparable in living memory. The Jews of Europe were never a threat to... well anyone - like most violent bigoted beliefs, antisemitism has absolutely no basis in rationality.

I make no claim to any particular consistency of style, or whether it is "correct" or not, but I do think that is easier to read.


*I particularly liked your story about your mother's traditional remedies, for example.

**I had to do something similar at work when a research scientist produced a report with too-few paragraph breaks.
 
No, I'm definitely not going to argue with such a general and vapid point. What I have argued about are the statements you have made which I cite in #147. I disagree with your positive assessment of the RCC's attitude to Jews in pre-Napoleonic times.
I have pointed out that I made no positive assessment of the RCC's attitude pre-Revolution. I pointed out that it was different, in that it actively protected Jews from a widely-held desire to purify Christendom by eliminating them.

As to pagans: most Lithuanian ones underwent conversion; do you mean the neighbouring Old Prussian ones, who were the target of a crusade, and whose language and ethnicity seem to have been obliterated by the Teutonic Knights, the Knights of the Sword, and similar crusading outfits?
I mean Lithuanian as in that whole Baltic region. Lithuanian as in Polish-Lithuanian. It was a generic term when there were still Lithuanian pagans. In fact the two were more-or-less synonymous.

Mass conversion was nothing unusual, neither was the fact that there was no second option. It was my way or the highway.

You are claiming that the fact that Jews were not entirely eliminated by the Church indicates its protectiveness of them? You accept low standards of behaviour.
A fact is a fact. My value judgements don't come into it.

I've already said that I despise the Catholic Church - that's a value judgment. I have no high opinion of my species at all. I'm not trying to excuse, justify or grade any institutions or behaviours. They're all mostly crass when you take an objective look.

It's a fact that the Vatican's attitude towards Jews changed during the French Revolutionary period, and it was the result of its new policies which Herzl experienced in fin de siecle Catholic Austria, which is where this whole conversation started, you may recall.
 
Makes you wonder how there were any Jews left after a while, doesn't it?
No. The question has been put: what elements of the history of persecution suffered by the Jews at the hands of the Church do you believe to have been exaggerated? And to what extent? Can you respond specifically?

You have made a whole series of bizarre statements.
I've already pointed out that a community reduced to rag-picking to survive will not survive. In general, if Jews in Europe had been subject to the degree of oppression that is often described they would not have survived. As we know, they did.
So what elements in the description of the degree of oppression are false or exaggerated?
"Rag-picking" actually refers to the second-hand clothes trade, aka the "rag trade", which was a significant business before automation and nylon. Jews were often involved in it, which also goes towards explaining the association with tailoring.
That is a travesty. Here is the text from the relevant regulation, the Bull Cum nimis absurdum, 14 July 1555. I stress: these measures were enacted in practice.
§ 3. Moreover, concerning the matter that Jews should be recognisable everywhere: [to this end] men must wear a hat, women, indeed, some other evident sign, yellow in colour ...§ 4. Also, they may not have nurses or maids or any other Christian domestic or service by Christian women in wet-nursing or feeding their children.
That was being enforced into the nineteenth century, and caused the death of many children, in small communities where Jewish wet nurses might not have been available.
§ 5. They may not work or have work done on Sundays or on other public feast days declared by the Church.
§ 6. Nor may they incriminate Christians in any way, or promulgate false or forged agreements
§ 7. And they may not presume in any way to play, eat or fraternize with Christians ...
§ 9. Moreover, these Jews are to be limited to the trade of rag-picking, or "cencinariae" (as it is said in the vernacular), and they cannot trade in grain, barley or any other commodity essential to human welfare.
Not quite the picture suggested by your "rag trade" as practiced on the eve of the introduction of nylon, which you seek to evoke. And I have already explained why Christians eschewed this occupation.
§ 10. And those among them who are physicians, even if summoned and inquired after, cannot attend or take part in the care of Christians ... § 12. And they are to close their [loan] accounts entirely every thirty days ...
So they could be money lenders too, under certain restrictions. Christians avoided that occupation also, because it was a sin, as perilous to the soul as the "rag trade" was to the body. That was how the Jews managed to survive.

You have sought to cast doubt on these accounts, more by innuendo than by reason or specific factual argument. But the evidence is overwhelming. See for example this work. Not only were most Jews poor, as indeed were the lower classes of Christians, as you rightly note; but they were also humiliated, restricted and oppressed in ways not suffered by these other plebeians, confined at night behind locked gates, made to wear distinctive garments, excluded from most professions and from the company of most other people, and denied the full protection of civil and criminal law, and the exercise of public office. That they were capable of fulfilling the latter in Rome is amply demonstrated by the post-1870 career of this person, Mayor Ernesto Nathan
It beggars belief that a community can sustain itself on rag-picking, let alone pay repeated exactions for Papal projects. It does not add up. There's clearly more show than actuality, while much unseen was going on.
If it's clear, tell us!
Where Jews weren't restricted they lived together in quarters anyway, near a synagogue, kosher food, and marriagable partners. It wasn't a purely imposed behaviour; just as much came from the inside and the self-perpetuating community leadership.
That is both objectionable and absurd. The tendency of Jews to live in particular areas of choice is nothing like Ghetto life. Half of Scottish Jews live by choice here:
An outer suburb of the Glasgow conurbation and the rural hinterland to the south-west of Glasgow, this is an affluent, middle-class commuter area with a high proportion of owner-occupiers and professionals. Clarkston used to be a dry area until planning permission for the first pub in the area was given in 2006. Renfrewshire East has the largest Jewish population of any seat in Scotland, with almost half of Scotland's Jewish population living in the area.
But at the last census only 2.6% of the population of the area recorded themselves Jews (defined by religion). This is in no way like the confinement and isolation of Jews in Rome and elsewhere.
There's more to the Jewish experience in Europe than victimhood, some of it very interesting. Unfortunately we mostly hear of a community forever on the verge of extinction ("so come to Israel", explicit or not). It gets to be a pain after a while.
I find that quite obnoxious. The issue is not "victimhood" (an anti-PC "snarl word") but real oppression suffered by that community. "Victimhood" again makes it sound like the fault of the sufferers, rather than of the perpetrators.

Finally, the objectionable use to which this may be put by Zionist propagandists has no bearing on the reality or otherwise of the oppression related in the historical record. And the words "gets to be a pain" are absurdly trivialising in this context. The expression is simply ludicrous.
 
A community reduced to rag picking won't survive. That claim fails to take into account the human capacity for long term survival. I think it would be difficult to exaggerate the antisemitism of medieval Europe. No reputable scholar is suggesting that every time a Jew went outside they have to run a gauntlet of arrows. Some Jewish communities survived the centuries til living memory although they and the rich history with them are mostly gone.
During the black death the historical record clearly shows that hundreds of Jewish communities were destroyed. The Jewish communities on the Rhine and Danube were destroyed at the time of the first crusade and the second crusade saw the slaghter of the remaning Rhineland jews. The crusading period was also characterised by Europe wide pogroms and expulsions. In Strasbourg in the 14th century there was a well recorded mass burning of as much as 700 Jews. In the13th century there were pogroms followed by expulsions in england.
Oh lets not forget the early 13th century papal synod of Narbonne which made Jews wear yellow symbols centuries before Hitler.
The evidence from the middle ages and beyond of long term widespread extreme antisemitic violence is undisputed among all respected historians.
 
FWIW CraigB, I think you are entirely in the right in your discussion with CapelDodger.

(Hopefully that doesn't make you doubt yourself!)
 
Right, anti-Jewish racism is fundamental to the EDL, as it is with practically every non-Jewish fascist group I've ever heard of. The EDL's efforts to paint themselves differently is a PR tactic, designed for greater mainstream appeal.

The notable exception is Wilders' "Freedom Party" (PVV). Wilders himself is an outspoken Israel fanboy, and he even had once a Likudnik/Mossad spy on the candidate list. The only anti-Jewish proposal they've ever backed was a proposed ban on ritual slaughter, and that more to stick it to the Muslims and genuine compassion with animal welfare of their spokesman. (the bill was voted down in the Dutch upper house of parliament, in part due to the PVV's voting against).

And in France, Marine le Pen tries to get rid of the antisemitic image her Front National has, but her father doesn't quite cooperate. :)

It seems, these days, that virtually all fascist groups and individuals have a hard time deciding which group they must hate more, Muslims or Jews.
 
Makes you wonder how there were any Jews left after a while, doesn't it?
You have to keep some alive so you have a scapegoat next time, don't you? :rolleyes:

I was surprised to see you include Calvinists in the rows of Jew haters. I seem to remember from my history lessons that there was a calvinist country where they were allowed to openly practice their religion. And build synagogues. Quite big ones actually.
 
The notable exception is Wilders' "Freedom Party" (PVV). Wilders himself is an outspoken Israel fanboy, and he even had once a Likudnik/Mossad spy on the candidate list.
PVV is an exception.


It seems, these days, that virtually all fascist groups and individuals have a hard time deciding which group they must hate more, Muslims or Jews.
It's a political calculation, no doubt.
 
PVV is an exception.

It's a political calculation, no doubt.
Absolutely no doubt. But the EDL are at it too. In this case almost all Jews are rebuffing the overtures.
Worse still, on October 24 the EDL plan to hold a "solidarity demonstration" outside the Israeli embassy. The Israeli diplomats are horrified. Adding to the cringe factor, they have rustled-up a rabbi to embellish the cynical ploy aimed at cultivating hatred between Jews and Muslims. Not surprisingly, Rabbi Nachum Shifren, an ex-lifeguard known as "the surfing rabbi" and a long-shot Republican candidate, is a kooky Californian who's is well known in the USA for making a fool of himself and is set to do the same at the proposed demo.
While many in the Jewish community have understandable concerns about the rise of Islamic fundamentalism – so often streaked through with virulent anti-Semitism – it is important to remember that the EDL are not our friends. They are part of the problem, not the solution.
 
Why not? How, if the situation was as described by skeptichaggis, were there any Jews around after a few decades? If every unwelcome act of nature or international politics in the Middle Ages resulted in the killing of Jews there would soon be none left.

The question has been put: what elements of the history of persecution suffered by the Jews at the hands of the Church do you believe to have been exaggerated? And to what extent? Can you respond specifically?
The exaggeration I'm referring to is evident in skeptichaggis's fulminations.

You have made a whole series of bizarre statements. So what elements in the description of the degree of oppression are false or exaggerated? That is a travesty. Here is the text from the relevant regulation, the Bull Cum nimis absurdum, 14 July 1555.

...
§ 9. Moreover, these Jews are to be limited to the trade of rag-picking, or "cencinariae" (as it is said in the vernacular), and they cannot trade in grain, barley or any other commodity essential to human welfare.

That's an odd formulation, where "cencinariae" is vernacular while "rag-picking" isn't but I suppose when one's habitual language is a dead one "vernacular" has a peculiar sense.

Of course "rag-picking" isn't the term used, it's somebody's chosen translation of the term used. The sense it's meant to convey, I suspect, is the practice of unpicking fabric for fibres to be used in cordage and paper, an employment at the very bottom end of the labour market. Usually engaged in by women and children it served as a supplementary income but couldn't support a family, and so couldn't support a community.

I stress: these measures were enacted in practice.
Communities did survive, which suggests either that the measures were circumvented somehow or that the term the Pope used has a different sense to that described above. A sense, for instance, of the second-hand clothing trade - which was a traditional trade of Jews in Western Europe. In support of that, the Pope goes on to say "and they cannot trade in grain, barley or any other commodity ..."; rag-picking, in the above defined sense, is an occupation not a trade. Juxtaposing these things only makes sense in relation to the second-hand clothing trade.

Not quite the picture suggested by your "rag trade" as practiced on the eve of the introduction of nylon, which you seek to evoke. And I have already explained why Christians eschewed this occupation.
Presumably you mean :
... rag picking (a very dangerous occupation, as old clothes were one of the main vectors of infectious disease).
which brings in the bizarre notion that late Medieval Christians had a germ theory of disease, simply so that the Vatican can be accused of using it against the Jews. I think that reasonably counts as an exaggeration.

So they could be money lenders too, under certain restrictions.
And if they had money to lend. Which some did.

Christians avoided that occupation also, because it was a sin, as perilous to the soul as the "rag trade" was to the bodytr. That was how the Jews managed to survive.
It was a way. There were Jews involved in trade at all levels, in goldsmithing and, famously, gemstones. Also peddling trinkets (not the necessities of life, note) from village to village.

You have sought to cast doubt on these accounts, more by innuendo than by reason or specific factual argument. But the evidence is overwhelming. See for example this work. Not only were most Jews poor, as indeed were the lower classes of Christians, as you rightly note; but they were also humiliated, restricted and oppressed in ways not suffered by these other plebeians, confined at night behind locked gates, made to wear distinctive garments, excluded from most professions and from the company of most other people, and denied the full protection of civil and criminal law, and the exercise of public office.
Of course, and it's reprehensible. Much of human behaviour is.

That they were capable of fulfilling the latter in Rome is amply demonstrated by the post-1870 career of this person, Mayor Ernesto Nathan
That really doesn't need saying.

The tendency of Jews to live in particular areas of choice is nothing like Ghetto life. Half of Scottish Jews live by choice here: But at the last census only 2.6% of the population of the area recorded themselves Jews (defined by religion). This is in no way like the confinement and isolation of Jews in Rome and elsewhere.
Renfrew really doesn't do justice to traditional Jewish quarters in European cities, which were often highly segregated - with the active encouragement of their community leaders. They didn't like the idea that people might wander off. This is not like restraint imposed from outside, of course, but it's an aspect of the ghetto which is sadly neglected, I think.

I find that quite obnoxious. The issue is not "victimhood" (an anti-PC "snarl word") but real oppression suffered by that community. "Victimhood" again makes it sound like the fault of the sufferers, rather than of the perpetrators.
I may not be PC but "victimhood" was not a snarl; I said there's more than that, which is not to beliittle it. Yes there was oppression, yes there were victims, but there is also exaggeration and that tends to drown out the full rounded story.

Finally, the objectionable use to which this may be put by Zionist propagandists has no bearing on the reality or otherwise of the oppression related in the historical record. And the words "gets to be a pain" are absurdly trivialising in this context. The expression is simply ludicrous.
Perhaps you haven't ever been lectured by a visiting Israeli on how awful and dangerous your life is here, you just don't realise it, despite everybody trying to change the subject all night.

It's quite troubling how people in Israel are being brought up to be terrified of the outside world. Somehing which serves their community leaders, such as Netenyahu, very well, of course.
 
Why not? How, if the situation was as described by skeptichaggis, were there any Jews around after a few decades? If every unwelcome act of nature or international politics in the Middle Ages resulted in the killing of Jews there would soon be none left.

Because they were persecutions and pogroms, not genocides. One might as well ask why, if there were so many large violent pogroms against Jews in 19th-Century Russia, there were any Jews left by the time the Nazis invaded. And yet, there were four million still there.

That's an odd formulation, where "cencinariae" is vernacular while "rag-picking" isn't but I suppose when one's habitual language is a dead one "vernacular" has a peculiar sense.

The Bull, in Latin, reads "Iudaei quoque praefati sola arte strazzariae, seu cenciariae (ut vulgo dicitur) contenti" - "The Jews are limited to the arte strazzaria, or 'cenciariae' (the 'rag trade') as it is commonly called."

The arte della strazzaria is, essentially, the used goods trade. It had more of a connotation of "pawnbroking", since in order to secure loans (the other main profession of the Jewish community of the period), the person obtaining the loan would pledge some item as collateral. Should the loanee not pay the loan back, the lender would then sell off the items to recoup their lost investment. The "common name" is a reference to the fact that most of the goods pledged were clothes (before the advent of mass-produced clothes, there was quite a large trade in used garments), but could and did encompass things like carpets and other household goods. It also, in places and times, encompassed the trade in new, unfinished textiles, such as silk.

Communities did survive, which suggests either that the measures were circumvented somehow or that the term the Pope used has a different sense to that described above. A sense, for instance, of the second-hand clothing trade - which was a traditional trade of Jews in Western Europe. In support of that, the Pope goes on to say "and they cannot trade in grain, barley or any other commodity ..."; rag-picking, in the above defined sense, is an occupation not a trade. Juxtaposing these things only makes sense in relation to the second-hand clothing trade.

Yes. That's exactly what it was.
 
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... which brings in the bizarre notion that late Medieval Christians had a germ theory of disease, simply so that the Vatican can be accused of using it against the Jews. I think that reasonably counts as an exaggeration.
It is absurd. Late mediaeval Christians knew certain conditions in which disease could spread, even without any knowledge of the cause. They knew that food rotted too, without any understanding of why it does so. And they knew that salt or ice could retard the process, but not why. I don't know what you are talking about, therefore.
And if they had money to lend. Which some did.
Some did indeed.
There were Jews involved in trade at all levels, in goldsmithing and, famously, gemstones. Also peddling trinkets (not the necessities of life, note) from village to village.
Yes, there were many such Jews. Others found ways of avoiding the dress regulations and the restrictions on sharing food and drink with gentiles, or the ban on trading and working on Christian religious holidays. Jewish doctors often treated Christian patients, and Christian servants worked in Jewish households, as the Mortara case demonstrates.

By the way, one of the attractions to Jews of working with jewels or precious metals was that in the case of having to flee, it was possible to carry one's property and stock in trade away in a small container, and start over again somewhere else. It is a good occupation for people in a state of insecurity.
Renfrew really doesn't do justice to traditional Jewish quarters in European cities, which were often highly segregated - with the active encouragement of their community leaders. They didn't like the idea that people might wander off. This is not like restraint imposed from outside, of course, but it's an aspect of the ghetto which is sadly neglected, I think.
I don't think it is entirely neglected. Anyway it is a silly point. Wherever a community is oppressed, there will be people within that community who adapt themselves to the oppression and end up conniving at it. Then hostile people accuse the community not only of participating in its own oppression, but of being responsible for it. A Jewish elite adapted to the ghetto. Black Africans rounded up slaves. French quislings rounded up Jews in 1942.

But as I have pointed out: as soon as Jews were liberated politically they abandoned the Ghetto, cast off these previous narrow political arrangements and participated fully in public life. As I have pointed out, a Jewish mayor was not long afterwards elected in Rome, where some of his undertakings, like the ATAC transport company and the sports stadium are still prominent features of Roman civic activity.
I may not be PC but "victimhood" was not a snarl; I said there's more than that, which is not to beliittle it. Yes there was oppression, yes there were victims, but there is also exaggeration and that tends to drown out the full rounded story.
That's too vague not merely to be worthy, but to be capable, of comment.
Perhaps you haven't ever been lectured by a visiting Israeli on how awful and dangerous your life is here, you just don't realise it, despite everybody trying to change the subject all night.

It's quite troubling how people in Israel are being brought up to be terrified of the outside world. Somehing which serves their community leaders, such as Netenyahu, very well, of course.
You're addressing the wrong person. Please read my contributions to this thread. I entreat you to read that thread.
 
Because they were persecutions and pogroms, not genocides. One might as well ask why, if there were so many large violent pogroms against Jews in 19th-Century Russia, there were any Jews left by the time the Nazis invaded. And yet, there were four million still there.
This point struck me very early on. I've always been very aware of the presecution of Jews; I was born less than a decade after the Holocaust was ended and grew up with the war still very present. In my teens I realised that there was more of a story there than the persecution, but that was all we ever seemed to hear about. Still is, mostly, but I think I've made that point already :).



The Bull, in Latin, reads "Iudaei quoque praefati sola arte strazzariae, seu cenciariae (ut vulgo dicitur) contenti" - "The Jews are limited to the arte strazzaria, or 'cenciariae' (the 'rag trade') as it is commonly called."

The arte della strazzaria is, essentially, the used goods trade.
I can remember the rag-and-bone man. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag-and-bone_man

'A rag-and-bone man collects unwanted household items and sells them to merchants'
with a horse and cart. Now we have things called "boot sales" and recycling, which have pretty much done for that tradition.
 
It is absurd. Late mediaeval Christians knew certain conditions in which disease could spread, even without any knowledge of the cause.
The conditions in which disease spread were also known as urban life. There were no late medieval epidemiologists working out that rag-pickers got sick more than other poor people, who all lived and died like mayflies. Records of deaths, let alone causes of, are scant. There were some fanciful notions about bad smells being involved but that was mostly promoted by scent-sellers.

If Jews had been restricted to rag-picking it would have been because rag-picking is an occupation of the poorest, the lowest of the low, not becaue it was known to be unhealthy. Being poor was an unhealthy condition.

But as I have pointed out: as soon as Jews were liberated politically they abandoned the Ghetto, cast off these previous narrow political arrangements and participated fully in public life. As I have pointed out, a Jewish mayor was not long afterwards elected in Rome, where some of his undertakings, like the ATAC transport company and the sports stadium are still prominent features of Roman civic activity.
The Pope's influence in Italy was minimal from the 1850's; the fact that a Jewish mayor was elected so shortly after he was finally walled-up in the Vatican demonstrates that Jews were already involved in political life - and, as the Vatican had feared, on the progressive side (which nationalism was held to be in those days).

Imagine if Herzl had grown up in Northern Italy rather than in Austria. He'd have had a very different take on "everywhere we are being consigned to ghettos".
 
I can remember the rag-and-bone man. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag-and-bone_man

with a horse and cart. Now we have things called "boot sales" and recycling, which have pretty much done for that tradition.
I can somewhat remember the rag-and-bone man from my early youth, and I assumed that they had disappeared, but I recently discovered that they do still go around the poorer estates of Leicester. Alas not with a horse, and I suspect that you would get short shrift if you actually tried to give him rags and bones (mainly scrap metal, I suspect), but the job still exists.
 
The conditions in which disease spread were also known as urban life. There were no late medieval epidemiologists working out that rag-pickers got sick more than other poor people, who all lived and died like mayflies. Records of deaths, let alone causes of, are scant. There were some fanciful notions about bad smells being involved but that was mostly promoted by scent-sellers.
That is arrant nonsense. Please look at this paper.
Wool, yarn, cloth, leather, wigs and blankets were considered the products most likely to transmit disease.

Read also the details of quarantine and isolation, purification and other measures described in the document. The authorities knew that the disease was infectious and has some idea of possible vectors of infection. To know this empirically does not require understanding of the germ theory of disease.

I have other points of disagreement with your post, which I will submit shortly.
 
The Pope's influence in Italy was minimal from the 1850's; the fact that a Jewish mayor was elected so shortly after he was finally walled-up in the Vatican demonstrates that Jews were already involved in political life - and, as the Vatican had feared, on the progressive side (which nationalism was held to be in those days).
The pope's influence was reduced in Italy by the mid nineteenth century, because the Church's influence was reduced. But the question under discussion is not the Italian secular government's attitude to Jews (or rather that of the governments of the various polities into which still disunited Italy was then divided). It is the Church's attitude towards Jews. That is what we are talking about.

[ETA See post #123]

Now in 1850, a year you specify, the Pope was secular ruler of much of central Italy, and he oppressed Jews in that area. Other Italian States may not have done so, but Pius IX did. That is what we are discussing.
The Papal States were a theocracy in which the Catholic Church and Catholics had more rights than members of other religions. Pius IX's policies changed over time: At the beginning of his pontificate, together with other liberal measures, Pius opened the Jewish ghetto in Rome. After returning from exile in 1850, during which the Roman Republic issued sharp anti-Church measures, the Pope issued a series of anti-liberal measures, including re-instituting the Ghetto.

In 1858, in a highly publicized case, a six-year-old Jewish boy, Edgardo Mortara, was taken from his parents by the police of the Papal States. He had reportedly been baptized by a Christian servant girl of the family while he was ill, because she feared that otherwise he would go to Hell if he died. At that time, the law did not permit Christians to be raised by Jews, even their own parents. Pius IX steadfastly refused "to extradite a soul" Calls from The Times, numerous heads of state including Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary and Emperor Napoleon III of France and Ambassador Gramont to return the child to his parents, were politely rejected.
. http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_States_under_Pope_Pius_IX
Imagine if Herzl had grown up in Northern Italy rather than in Austria. He'd have had a very different take on "everywhere we are being consigned to ghettos".
But if he'd grown up in Rome, or other areas ruled directly by the Church, he'd have said it even more vehemently.
 
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