The difference is I see the point Dr Richard is trying to make, he doesn’t see the point I’m making. I acknowledge that there are similarities in genes between different species but Dr Richard is not explaining how these genes arose originally or how these genes transform from one species to the next.
If you are going to hold to the position that the theory of evolution is driven by mutation and natural selection, you must demonstrate how this happens. Dr Schneider’s ev computer simulation attempts to do this but reveals that when realistic genome lengths and mutation rates are used in this model, the process is too slow to support your theory.
Unless the base change is beneficial or detrimental, natural selection can not act upon this mutation.
Since you are proposing that insulin is part of a family of molecules that goes back to Zebra fish, explain where the gene/molecule that appeared in the Zebra fish originated, then once you explain that explain where the pre-Zebra fish gene/molecule originated and so on until you arrive at the first gene that coded for this insulin type molecule. Then explain how this first gene that coded for this insulin type molecule evolved and what was the selection process that allowed this. In addition, explain the selection process that occurred as this gene evolved from species to species.
When you do this, you have established the accounting rules that allow you to describe step by step how this family of molecules evolved. Without describing the selection process, you are only noting similarities in molecules which is not sufficient to prove you theory.
Richard Dawkins’ work has not completely passed me by, I have co-opted one of his sayings for this debate.
With respects to a definition for “gene”, would the concept of one gene-one polypeptide satisfy you? I happen to prefer a more general definition that any beneficial sequence of bases be used in the concept of mutation and selection since ev models binding sites which is conceivably beneficial to a creature.
How far above do I have to look? I don’t recall you or any other evolutionarian describing how selection can act unless there is some beneficial or detrimental property to act upon. And that prevents a gene evolving from the beginning with a selection process. Only when the newly evolving gene performs some function can selection act upon that gene. Until then, the frequency of that sequence of bases in the population is not increased.
There is another issue which ev is harbinger of mathematical bad news for evolutionarians. This issue was touched on earlier but now that we are talking about selection processes in more detail, it is worthwhile to address this issue again.
Ev has two error conditions that are being select for. One error is not recognizing a binding site where one should exist (the binding site region) and the other error is recognizing a binding site where one should not exist (the non-binding site region). With short length genomes, errors in the binding site region dominate the selection process and rapid convergence can be obtained. As the genome is lengthened, more potential errors can occur in the non-binding site region and slows the evolution process until finally the genome is lengthened sufficiently that non-binding site region errors dominate the selection process and no convergence can be attained.
What this is indicating that if you have more than a single selection condition, one may interfere with the other. If you have multiple genes evolving, each is responding to their selection pressure (whatever that may be), each is interfering with others preventing any from evolving.
As an example of this concept, let’s consider Dr Richard’s case of the evolution of the insulin family of proteins. At the same time, the globin family of proteins is evolving in the same creatures. What may be an advantageous selection for the insulin family may
in turn be a disadvantageous selection for the globin family of proteins and visa versa. Consider the complications that would arise if you have multiple different families of proteins evolving simultaneously in the same creatures. Each would be interfering with the evolution of the others.
Ev demonstrates this effect mathematically with its two selection conditions. Introducing more selection conditions would only slow this profoundly slow evolutionary process more so.
Again, I thank Dr Schneider and Paul for their good work on the ev computer model.