"According to the country chapters, nearly all the education systems represented in TIMSS 2011 were managed by the central government, mostly by a single education ministry (although in several countries responsibilities were divided among two or three ministries). However, these countries reported a range in the degree of centralization in decision-making, from “highly centralized” (e.g., Austria, Honduras, Iran, Lebanon, the Syrian Arab Republic, and the Ukraine) to “decentralized” (e.g., the Czech Republic, Macedonia, New Zealand, and Sweden). With less centralization, typically the role of educational policymaking was maintained by the central government, while implementation of services (sometimes including administration and various levels of decisionmaking) was delegated to the regional or state level, or even to municipalities.