More questions.
As far as I can see the last experiments that indicated superconductivity in room temperature doped diamond were done by you in 2003.
Not correct. Although I have not had funding I did do more experiments and are planning more if money and time allows.
That was just a resistivity measurement
NO!!! It was not “just a resistivity measurement”. Only a fool like Archie Campbell at the University of Cambridge will think that a resistance measurement is enough, or that my experiment was based on a resistance measurement. A resistivity measurement on its own CAN NEVER prove that the electric-field within the phase is zero. WHY? Because to measure resistivity you must in the first instance measure voltage and there is no voltmeter anywhere in the universe that can be used to measure an absolute zero voltage.
You must thus prove by other measurements that the electric field MUST be zero. The “experts” think that a measurement of the Meissner effect proves that this is so; but this not the case. It has NEVER been proved that a superconductor MUST always have a Meissner effect. Neither has it been proved that a material with non-zero resistance cannot ever have a Meissner effect. Thus the Meissner effect does not prove that there is no electric-field when an equilibrium current is flowing; and therefore it does not prove that superconduction is actually occurring.
(so you may have discovered the first perfect conductor not a superconductor!)
What is the difference between a “perfect conductor” and a “superconductor”? Please define this if you are able to do so; which I suspect you cannot. Kamerlingh Onnes discovered a sudden drop in voltage and concluded that the voltage must be zero even though the Meissner effect was only discovered after his death. I agree that he had no proof that the voltage was actually zero: But since then, there is only one fundamental definition for a superconduction: Namely, it is a phase through which a current can flow without any electric field driving the current. If you can prove this, you have REAL PROOF that you have a superconductor, even if you might find that the material does NOT show a Meissner effect; or any other effect that the low-temperature superconductors show.
To show superconductivity you needed further measurements, e.g. of the Meissner effect. However you retired before this was done.
Firstly to measure a Meissner effect I would have had to redesign my apparatus and I could not raise any sponsorship to date in order to do this. But why do I need to prove the Meissner effect? All that one has to prove is that an electric field cannot be anything else BUT ZERO when an equilibrium current flows through such a material. If you can do this, you do not need ANY other experimental measurement: And my experiment is the very first in the history of superconduction that proves that it is impossible that there can be an electric field within the electron phase between the diamond surface and the anode while an equilibrium current is flowing through the circuit that contains this phase as an element of the circuit. This has NEVER been done for any other “superconducting” material before. But
my result is being ridiculed instead of all the other results that could not prove this defining characteristic.
Why can I claim that the electric field must be zero in my experiment? Since the conduction-band electrons within my n-type diamond is at a higher energy than the vacuum level outside when there is no surface to the vacuum. Thus, when generating a surface to the vacuum, these electrons will experience an electric-field across the surface (owing to the difference in energy between the conduction-band and the vacuum level) which attracts them to flow out and to leave positive charges behind within a depletion-layer just under the surface. This depletion-layer grows in width as more and more electrons flow out; which can happen as long as they can tunnel through the positive depletion-layer. The extracted electrons are attracted back to the surface by the positive charges within the depletion-layer and thus form a layer of electrons outside the surface. A dipole thus forms across the surface which generates a polarisation-field that opposes the outflow of the electrons. Once the depletion-layer becomes too wide (so that tunnelling becomes impossible) electron-flow to the outside will stop. But since there is now a polarisation field across the surface caused by the positive depletion layer and the external electrons outside the surface, this polarisation-field cancels part of the original electric field which initially caused the electrons to flow out.
However, if you have a high enough density of donors below the surface, the electrons will keep on tunnelling out until the polarisation field caused by the depletion layer and the external electrons totally cancels the original electric field which was generated at the instant that the surface was generated: THIS MEANS THAT THERE IS NOW
NO ELECTRIC-FIELD WITHIN THE DIPOLE: I.E THERE IS
NO ELECTRIC-FIELD WITHIN THE DEPLETION LAYER AND
ALSO NOT WITHIN THE EXTERNAL LAYER OF ELECTRONS! Can you follow this simple argument or is it, as I suspect, waaaay above your intellectual capacity.
Now guess what happens when you next apply an electric-field by means of an external anode. The equilibrium ZERO electric-field within the dipole is now disturbed and more electrons are extracted. As long as the depletion layer stays thin enough so that internal electrons can tunnel through it, more electrons will be added to the external layer of electrons: The dipole size increases and this increases the polarisation field generated by the dipole until it now also cancels the applied anode field. If you now increase the anode field further, more electrons will be ejected to also cancel this increase in the anode field; and as long as the depletion layer stays thin enough to allow tunnelling, the external electron-layer will become thicker; and can even be extracted right up to the interface of the anode. When stopping at this point you still have a dipole
with no electric-field within it since its polarisation field cancels the original surface field as well as the applied anode field.
If you now slightly increase the anode potential, the electrons will enter the anode and a current will start to flow. But, since the Fermi-level within the anode is at a lower energy than the energy of the electrons outside the anode (just before they are pulled into the anode), this current flow results in an electric field appearing between the diamond surface and the anode. Thus, electrons are now accelerated from the diamond into the anode, and this increase in kinetic energy during their passage from the diamond to the anode causes measurable Brehmstralung. But it also causes the number of electrons within this gap to suddenly decrease when the current initiates. Thus the current initially jumps up, and then switches off. But since there is now an electric-field within the gap, the depletion layer (as long as tunnelling can occur through it) grows in width and dumps more electrons into the space between the diamond and the anode. The current then jumps again and falls away, and more electrons are dumped into the gap. This unstable non-equilibrium current jumps can be easily measured and they proceed until equilibrium is reached. And the latter is only reached when there is no electric field present within the gap anymore.
You then have an element within the electric circuit in which it is totally impossible to have an electric field present. So what happens? Should this absence of an electric field not stop current flow altogether. But what then happens to the electrons within the gap? They will start pushing each other out of the gap; and the depletion layer will immediately dump more electrons into the gap. So they have no choice but to find a way to form a stable configuration within the gap. What is observed is that a black rod forms “instantaneously” between the diamond and the anode and an equilibrium current flows even though it is impossible that there can be an electric-field; since the presence of such a field must cause erratic jumping in the current. Furthermore, there is now no Brehmstraalung which shows that the electrons within the gap are transferring a current without being accelerated. Thus, this is the first proof ever, that a current is flowing through a phase while it is impossible that there is an electric-field within the phase.
Has anyone else in the scientific community in the last 8 years duplicated your results?
Yes! Our electric utility company ESKOM funded Prof. Terry Doyle, who for many years did research on superconduction here in South Africa, to build his own apparatus and repeat the measurements on diamonds that they asked me to prepare for him. He did not just repeat my results but it was also he who first measured the Brehmstralung-spectrum. He is also the first to take photographs of the black rod. At one point he made the “mistake” to use a magnetic-steel for his anode, and found that powder was being sputtered from this steel which floated around the black rod. This can be explained by the Meissner effect.
But Terry Doyle refuses point blank to write a report on his findings since he wants to believe that it cannot be superconduction but contamination caused by “dusty plasmas”. I contacted an expert on ”dusty plasmas” who is of the opinion that it can never be a “dusty plasma”. Furthermore, in all my experiments I NEVER found enough residual contamination to justify any interpretation in terms of contamination. In my apparatus the anode is spring loaded and can thus be gently lowered onto the diamond surface. Terry Doyle did not add this feature to his apparatus and thus “crunches” his anode into the diamond surface. Naturally he thus has more contamination, but it is still not enough to ascribe the effect to contamination. Taking cognisance of the fact that just before the formation of the phase, there are definitely electrons accelerating from the diamond to the anode; it is highly unlikely that a rod will suddenly form from anything else than the electrons. Furthermore, when you suddenly increase the gap, the rood breaks and its parts are sucked back into the diamond and the anode.
But even of Terry Doyle wants to interpret his results as “a dusty plasma”, why does he not write a report for his highly frustrated sponsors as originally agreed? To me there is only one explanation: To write a report he must commit himself one way or the other. He does not want to commit himself to agreeing that it is, or even might be, superconduction since this means that most of his own publications on superconduction during the past 50 years, and those of his close friends at Cambridge University must then be wrong. So this will badly dent his “expertise” which might result in being ostracised as being a crackpot. Neither does he want to report that it is not superconduction, since he is too afraid that this conclusion will be proved wrong with time. So it seems that he is just wishing that the whole issue will go away, or that he dies from smoking too many cigarettes before he has to commit himself one way or the other.
Have they shown that there is actual superconductivity?
As explained above, I have already proved ten years ago that it
must be so since if it is not so, all the models used to calculate interface interactions in Solid State Electronics must be wrong: And we know that this is the best established field in modern physics ever.