So... about those "Shockwaves"
For those interested in learning a few things, the phenomenon seen in WTC 7's facade is
not a shockwave.
A shockwave, as I mentioned this morning, has a very specific physical meaning. It is a propagated wave whose waveform experiences a sharp discontinuity, which puts it into a different behavioral category altogether. Most forms of waves cannot support a shockwave because the medium simply doesn't hold together -- transverse waves on a string, for instance, do propagate but there can be no shocks, because this means the string is actually detached.
The one type of wave where we most commonly find shockwaves is in pressure waves, either in fluids or in solids. An ordinary pressure wave is an acoustic wave, viz. sound, and it travels at the well publicized "Speed of Sound." This speed is a function of the density and the viscosity of the medium -- understanding that in a solid, rather than "viscosity" we are dealing with the "stiffness," or elastic moduli, of the material. The speed of sound is pretty much constant except with respect to temperature (changes the density of air, and the stiffness of materials, for example).
There is also a slight dependence on frequency, but mainly because different frequencies can cause heating of the medium. Nonetheless, this is important. The frequency dependence is called the
dispersion relationship of the wave. The best known example is how a prism refracts light of different frequencies by different amounts, which is not a great example for our study here. But if there is a significant dispersion relationship, it means that waves after a long travel will either tend to spread out, or actually bunch together.
The shockwave, on the other hand, travels
faster than the speed of sound. Sometimes much faster. Because it represents a sudden jump in pressure, it follows a totally different relationship. You can also think of a shockwave as having no defined frequency, as the Fourier transform of a discontinuity has energy at all frequencies. This wave enters a different kind of dispersion relationship -- a sharp discontinuity will always propagate faster than infinitessimal ones. Sound waves can be thought of as a superposition of many infinitessimal waves. Shockwaves cannot, and thus they will outrun and scoop up sound waves they traverse.
In ordinary situations one is likely to encounter, shockwaves are produced by two things: Supersonic phenomena, such as high-performance aircraft, in air; and explosives, particularly in solids. A detonation, as I have
remarked elsewhere, is a supersonic blast front, and is a type of shockwave. There are a few other phenomena that will lead to shockwaves in solids but they involve extraordinary kinetics, such as gravity-driven shockwaves in supernovae.
Now, what we see in the perimeter structure of WTC 7 is most definitely NOT a shockwave. In building structure, a discontinuity is a crack or a rupture. It does not propagate in that fashion. Such a wave would also travel faster than the speed of sound in steel or glass or whatever, or several times the speed of sound in air. Thus it would be too fast to capture by a television camera.
What we see, instead, is a different propagation known as
flexure. This is similar to the wave-on-a-string. There are two possible causes:
First, the wave truly is a flexure of the perimeter, instigated by a large and sudden impulse somewhere in the structure. This is an actual wave and would be correctly said to propagate. In this case the speed of the wave is dependent on the effective stiffness of the entire perimeter assembly, which will be limited by connections, tolerances, structural seismic / wind damping, and further damping due to drywall and windows and all the other interior stuff. If you were standing near the wall when this happened, you would see the wall next to you wiggle and flex at all of its connections, and the squeak and groan of it all would be terrifying.
Second, the wave is indicative of progressive load shifting in the interior, perhaps due to ongoing core collapse and / or shearing of connections to core elements. In this case we do not actually have a wave, rather we see a secondary effect caused by a progressive phenomenon that changes the load on the perimeter. Here the speed of the progression would be driven by gravity, momentum transfer due to interior collisions, stacking and compaction.
In either case, the correct term is "flexure." I also note that this effect was known and discussed here many times even before the NIST WTC 7 findings, and indeed used by NIST in support of its own hypothesis testing. Not sure what the fuss is all about now.