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UFOs: The Research, the Evidence

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Rramjet, I'll make it simple for you.

How did you eliminate "HOAX" as a plausible mundane explanation for Delphos Kansas?

What are your 20 questions?

Who were you asking them of and who was answering them?

Since your version of a process of elimination is demonstrably deeply, if not fatally, flawed, these are pertinent questions that would need to be answered before you can legitimately claim to use your version of a process of elimination on any of the cases you've presented.
 
Unbelievable! You cite the first series of statistical tests from the naïve Battelle study to claim there was a significant difference between KNOWNS and UNKNOWNS that the study ignored while you yourself ignored the second series of tests that reduced the apparent difference significantly and when Jocce pointed out the existence of this revised series of tests, you completely ignored it again.
So now, along with the false and misleading representations about the evidence I must cope with directly false assertions about my own statements and actions?

I (meaning me, not Jocce) first presented both analyses here:
Your statements here are (unsurprisingly to me) once again aggregiously misrepresentative of the data! Let’s look at the original Chi-Square analyses:

COLOUR: | χ2 = 26.15| (df=8)| p<0.001 cutoff = 26.124
NUMBER: | χ2 = 40.73| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
SHAPE: | χ2 = 29.05| (df=6)| p<0.001 cutoff = 22.458
DURATION: | χ2 = 49.49| (df=7)| p<0.001 cutoff = 24.322
SPEED: | χ2 = 37.93| (df=5)| p<0.001 cutoff = 20.515
BRIGHTNESS: | χ2 = 5.85| (df=5)| p<0.05 cutoff = 11.070

Thus we can see in the first analysis all characteristics between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS are highly significant with the exception of “Brightness”, which is non-significant.

Now let us look at the “revised” Chi-Square analyses.

COLOUR: | χ2 = 13.40| (df=7)| p<0.05 cutoff = 14.067
NUMBER: | χ2 = 23.73| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
SHAPE: | χ2 = 11.46| (df=5)| p<0.05 cutoff = 11.070
DURATION: | χ2 = 14.43| (df=7)| p<0.05 cutoff = 14.067
SPEED: | χ2 = 43.71| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
BRIGHTNESS: | χ2 = 10.68| (df=4)| p<0.05 cutoff = 9.488

So we can see that all remain significant except for “Colour”. However as the p<0.10 cutoff = 12.017 - so the alpha value for colour is probably around p<0.06 – which in the scheme of things might as well be significant (That is, what is the practical difference between a 5% and a 6% chance of making a type I error – rejecting the null hypothesis – there is no difference - when it is true? Compare that with the “Brightness” statistic in the original analysis above where the chance of a type I error rises to well over 20% (p<0.20 cutoff=7.289; p<0.975 cutoff=0.831) – there really is a non-significant value)
I then presented them again HERE and again here…
Let me first define a couple of terms:
The chance of a Type I error is the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between the groups. For all practical (real world) purposes there is no difference between a 5% chance of a Type I error and a 6% chance of a Type I error.

Regarding the first analyses:
COLOUR: | χ2 = 26.15| (df=8)| p<0.001 cutoff = 26.124
NUMBER: | χ2 = 40.73| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
SHAPE: | χ2 = 29.05| (df=6)| p<0.001 cutoff = 22.458
DURATION: | χ2 = 49.49| (df=7)| p<0.001 cutoff = 24.322
SPEED: | χ2 = 37.93| (df=5)| p<0.001 cutoff = 20.515
BRIGHTNESS: | χ2 = 5.85| (df=5)| p<0.05 cutoff = 11.070

We can see that the chance of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is insignificant (like a 0.1% chance!) in all but the Brightness category. That is, there is less than one tenth of one percent chance of being incorrect in concluding there to be a significant difference.

For the Brightness category there is (approximately) a 30% (or more) chance of making a Type I error (considering that p<0.20 cutoff=7.289 and p<0.975 cutoff=0.831). That is, the chances are very substantial that if we conclude there is a significant difference here - we will be committing a type I error.

Now let us see what happens when we remove the astronomical KNOWNS from the analyses.
COLOUR: | χ2 = 13.40| (df=7)| p<0.05 cutoff = 14.067
NUMBER: | χ2 = 23.73| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
SHAPE: | χ2 = 11.46| (df=5)| p<0.05 cutoff = 11.070
DURATION: | χ2 = 14.43| (df=7)| p<0.05 cutoff = 14.067
SPEED: | χ2 = 43.71| (df=4)| p<0.001 cutoff = 18.467
BRIGHTNESS: | χ2 = 10.68| (df=4)| p<0.05 cutoff = 9.488

Now we can see that Colour, Shape, Duration and Brightness are all hovering at about a 5% chance of making a Type I error. In strictly statistical terms, a 5% chance is considered to be an acceptably small enough chance of committing a Type I error to allow a positive conclusion (in this case that there IS a real world difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS). In practical (or real world) terms, the difference between a 6%, a 5% and a 4% chance of committing a Type I error is negligible.

Taking Colour as an example we can see that the 5% cutoff is 14.067. The test statistic actually turns out to be 13.40. This would relate to about a 6% chance of making a Type I error (if we were to conclude there is a difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS). Now the statistical cutoff is 5%, but in the real world a 6% chance is just as acceptable. As Jacob Cohen (a giant in the world of statistics) points out in his seminal paper [“The Earth is Round (p < .05)”]

“After 4 decades of severe criticism, the ritual of null hypothesis significance testing – mechanical dichotomous decisions around the sacred .05 criterion – still persists” (Cohen, J. (1994) The Earth is Round (p < .05). American Psychologist, Vol. 49, No. 12, 997-1003)​
In the real world, what this all means is that there IS a difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKOWNS. So when you state ” the test can't confirm nor deny that the KNOWNS are primarily UNKNOWNS.” you (and the authors of the report) are simply incorrect. The tests DO confirm a difference. The bottom line is that the Chi_Square analyses confirm that there IS a difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKOWNS. In the first analysis it was all the characteristics except Brightness (which we truly can say on this test there was not a significant difference). The second analysis confirms a practical difference on all the characteristics examined.

No matter how you spin it Jocce, that is the bottom line here. There IS a difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS.


Then when Jocce cited the results of the second series of statistical tests for everybody to see so you can no longer ignore it …
That is another directly false statement - Jocce NEVER “cited the results of the second series of statistical tests for everybody to see”. It was me who did that!

…you then try to claim it supports your original claim by ignoring this…
It is apparent that the deletion of astronomical sightings gives a better fit, although the decision is not clear cut, since for two cases (light brightness and speed), the chi square increased. However, it can again be pointed out that the reporting of these two characteristics is highly subjective and is open to question. The estimation of speed is especially open to question because of the impossibility of accurately determining it visually.​
First I wish that you UFO debunkers would have at least a little respect for the readers of this thread and properly cite your “quotes” so that we can know if they are accurate and where they come from. As it happens this quote comes from page 69 (http://www.ufocasebook.com/pdf/specialreport14.pdf).

Second, such inaccuracy in the estimation of speed would affect the KNOWN and the UNKNOWN equally. It is thus legitimate to conduct comparative analyses between the two groups and thus in the Chi-square analyses the difference noted in the “Speed” category indicates a significant real world difference.

It must be noted again that, once again (!) we have the authors of the report misleading us as to the true nature of their own analyses – as if they do not understand their own analyses (of course the authors are not the analysts - and therefore it is possible that they do not understand the analyses - and therefore we cannot call them liars directly).

And you completely ignore the very last paragraph (concluding remarks) of the statistical portion of the study…

It was decided that this process would not be carried to its logical conclusion (that is, the determination of a linear combination of KNOWNS that would give a negligible chi square when compared with the UNKNOWNS), since it was felt that the inaccuracies in the reports would give a distorted and meaningless result.​
This is a quote sourced from page 76 (http://www.ufocasebook.com/pdf/specialreport14.pdf).

Do you have any idea what that statement actually means? First it is mere speculation on the authors part about what the results of further analyses might or might not have shown and second, we don’t actually need to conduct any further analyses to understand that the Chi-square analyses showed a significant and real world difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS. That much is patently obvious for all to see!

There should be no doubt in anyone’s mind you’re just making this all up as you go along…
I am merely reporting the evidence and the research (as above). It seems to me that you are the one who is “making it up” (clearly it is you who has put forward the flase statements concerning who it was that presented the results of the Chi-square analyses for “all to see”).

…and you’ve never actually done any research of your own in this field before you started this thread.
This is a mere unfounded assertion and may be dismissed as such.

Otherwise I don’t think you would be here endlessly flinging up other people’s “research”…
“Flinging up”? I stated at the beginning of this thread I would be presenting the research and the evidence. The Battelle study clearly forms part of the research that has been conducted. How is it illegitimate for me to then present the results of that research?

…(fantastical claims and sales pitches)…
That you place such a negative “spin” on my statements in regard to the research merely indicates the biases in your own approach.

…without having made any effort to validate it…
What do you mean by that statement? The Battelle study speaks for itself.

…and consequently finding yourself having to backpedal furiously whenever someone points out the problems…
I think you will find that it is in fact the UFO debunkers who have been “furiously” putting forward false and misleading misrepresentations of the research and the evidence - and I find I am having to “correct” those misrepresentations (repeatedly).

…you (if you’re half as intelligent as it seems you would like people to think you are)…
My statements stand for themselves. Whatever conclusions others may draw about my intelligence from them is entirely up to them.

…shouldn’t have missed in order to avoid having to admit you’ve been had because of your evidently non-existent credibility filter.
It is certainly obvious that the UFO debunkers (including yourself) are trying to deceive the readers of this thread as to the precise nature of the research and the evidence surrounding UFOs. And we are all certainly intelligent enough to work out why you put forward such false and misleading statements.

Instead you just keep lashing out at those who have been (tirelessly in some cases) trying to help you understand the deliberate deceptions and logical fallacies used by all the charlatans in this field who are in it for the “fame” and “fortune” by calling them “debunkers” (as if that’s a bad thing) or worse and twisting their words around as if it’s their fault you bought it.
You have simply stated what the UFO debunkers are doing in this thread…

As to my use of the term “UFO debunker”, I have offered on numerous occasions to use a different term if the UFO debunkers can come up with one that would more accurately reflect their status and their actions. My offer still stands.

For example, I find it amusing that you’ve been citing Allen “Swamp Gas” Hynek’s criticism of the Battelle study from his (for-profit) book that he wrote after he lost his cozy little consulting gig with the Air Force when Project Blue Book was shut down, especially when his own conclusions regarding some presumably reliable (“excellent”) witnesses are apparently 180° out from yours…
A case in point. You have just ”lash[ed] out at [one who ha been (tirelessly in some cases) trying to help you understand the deliberate deceptions and logical fallacies used by all the charlatans in this field”[/I]! This statement from you is merely an uncharitable and unfounded opinion of yours that bears no resemblance to the reality of the matter whatsoever.

UFO book based on questionable foundation
Eyewitness accounts require hard look, even if witness is a pilot
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/38852385
I will get back to you on the obvious false and misleading statements made by Mr Oberg in that respect.

One of the world’s first genuine UFO investigators, Allen Hynek of Northwestern University, came to believe that some encounters really could have otherworldly causes. But he was much more skeptical about the reliability of pilot testimony. "Surprisingly, commercial and military pilots appear to make relatively poor witnesses," he wrote in "The Hynek UFO Report."

Hynek found that the best class of witnesses had a 50 percent misperception rate, but that pilots had a much higher rate: 88 percent for military pilots, 89 percent for commercial pilots, the worst of all categories listed. Pilots could be counted on for an accurate identification of familiar objects — such as aircraft and ground structures — but Hynek said "it should come as no surprise that the majority of pilot misidentifications were of astronomical objects."
Oh, Okay, I see I will have to address this one directly then…

First we must note that the Battelle research indicates that the more reliable the report, the greater the percentage of UNKNOWNS there were. The reliability of the reports were based on many other factors than who the reporters were.

Second we must note the context in which Hynek made those statements (and it seems Oberg shares the typical UFO debunker trait of not correctly citing his sources – and we know why they do this - because more often than not when the correct citation is tracked down, it actually refutes the UFO debunkers contention. Let’s see if this is so in this case).

First it must be noted that the actual quote from Hynek is:

"Surprisingly, commercial and military pilots appear to make relatively poor witnesses (though they do slightly better in groups)." (Hynek, A., J. (1977) The Hynek UFO Report. Sphere Books LTD. London. P. 271)​

It seems Oberg has “conveniently” left out that latter section of Hynek’s sentence… and in terms of the actual data “Military Pilot (multiple witness)” is then second only to “Technical person” (both single and multiple) in reliability of observation!

Hynek then comments on the falsity of the “transference” effect, wherein experts in one field of endeavour are deemed to be also expert in another (unrelated) field. And he comments in that regard:

”Thus it might surprise us that a pilot had trouble identifying another aircraft. But it should come as no surprise that a majority of pilot misidentifications were of astronomical objects” (p.271)​

So Oberg has left out the critical context - and once again has also left out a critical sentence in Hynek’s assessments.

On a closer examination of the actual results in context we can see that no group of witness is immune from misidentification.

In fact pilots do better than ordinary (“Other”) witnesses but worse than “Technical persons”. Oberg has simply skewed the results to conform to his own set of preconceptions!

It is notable also that Hynek cites the results in terms of ”% of Misidentifications”. No-one is arguing that misidentifications are uncommon. Patently the majority of UFO reports ARE misidentifications. What WE are interested in is that percentage of reports that ARE NOT misidentifications.

Remind us again what the significance of the study statistic you've been repeating incessantly that, when taken in isolation, seems to indicate the more presumably reliable the observer is, the more likely their sighting is to be “identified” as UNKNOWN is?
The Battelle study indicated that overall about 80% of reports were misidentifications (turned out to be able to be placed in the KNOWN category), but about 20% of reports were placed in the UNKNOWN category!

The Battelle study also indicated that the more reliable the report (based on a number of factors including the reliability of the witness) the greater the likelihood of an UNKNOWN categorisation.

These are two facts that the UFO debunkers, no matter how much they falsify, misrepresent and misinterpret, cannot seem to get past.

Exactly what do you think an UNKNOWN is? For reference, here’s the definition of UNKNOWN used in the study again…

UNKNOWN — This designation in the identification code was assigned to those reports of sightings wherein the description of the object and its maneuvers could not be fitted to the pattern of any known object or phenomenon.
LOL. As if I have not provided that quote many times for you in the last few pages of this thread… and even so, you cannot seem to cite the relevant page we might find the quote on! (p. 12)

Apparently you believe you can fit the descriptions to known objects or phenomena, otherwise it seems to me an UNKNOWN is UNIDENTIFIED.
First, that you capitalise as you do is misleading. There is no “UNIDENTIFED” category on the report! There are KNOWN, UNKNOWN and INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION categories.

Second your statement about my “belief” is demonstrably false. The UNKNOWN category is precisely what the report states it to be. That is a sighting that ” could not be fitted to the pattern of any known object or phenomenon.”

Third, you are correct in so far as UNKNOWN is “unidentified”, but your implication that INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION is also unidentified is incorrect. That latter category contains sightings that are unidentifiable (!) because there is simply not enough information to enable any identification of them either as KNOWN or UNKNOWN.

What KNOWN objects or phenomena do you have evidence (objective data) for that they didn’t that allows you to eliminate the KNOWN potential for subjective inaccuracies in the descriptions (regardless of how presumably “reliable” the observer may be) and identify (i.e. fit to a model, correlate) all of the UNKNOWN sightings and move them into some KNOWN category (“alien”?) and claim you’ve debunked the study?
Perhaps we better take that statement in logical sequence to see if it actually makes sense…

What evidence for KNOWN objects allows us to eliminate subjective inaccuracy and thereby identify all UNKNOWN sightings?​

That still does not make logical sense… however, does it have a discernable underlying meaning? Not as far as I can tell. The report showed that there was a significant difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS, so we cannot use anything about the KNOWNS (including subjective inaccuracy) to determine something about the UNKNOWNS.

If you don’t have any objective (reliable) data on the performance and appearance characteristics of “alien” flying objects, you’re guilty of a logical fallacy known as affirming the consequent as follows…
1. If “aliens” are flying around in our skies, then some sightings of flying objects made by presumably reliable/credible observers will be unidentified/unexplained.
2. Some sightings of flying objects made by presumably reliable/credible observers are unidentified/unexplained.
3. Therefore, “aliens” are flying around in our skies.
I simply don’t accept the veracity of your premises.

First we DO have reliable data on the characteristics of UFOs. That is why – that is the specific reason - the Battelle report placed (more than) 20% of reports into the UNKNOWN category!

Second, there is simply no direct evidence that any of these UNKNOWNS are caused by ETs (or “aliens” or however you might otherwise want to term extraterrestrials).

Third (1.) If “aliens” are flying around in our skies, then that would constitute a plausible explanation for UFOs! However, we don’t have any direct evidence that “aliens” ere flying around in our skies. So this premise is at best not proven.

Fourth (2.) Reliable and credible witnesses DO sight unidentifiable objects in our skies. So this premise is (generally) correct.

Finally (3.) In logical argument you cannot use one of your unfounded premises (1.) as your conclusion. Sure there are many credible and reliable witnesses reporting UFOs. However we simply do not know if UFOs involve ET (or “aliens” or aliens or extraterrestrials), so you cannot conclude that UFOs are ET.

“Aliens” flying around in our skies isn’t the only reason (or necessarily even a valid one, but if I have to explain you probably wouldn’t understand or acknowledge it) some sightings of flying objects made by presumably reliable/credible observers will be unidentified/unexplained. There are a number of possible reasons why some sightings could be unidentified/unexplained including observation error.
Sure, the old UFO debunker “eyewitness error” gambit. We know that a large proportion of sightings can be attributed to eyewitness error. That is certain and irrefutable. However, what the Battelle report showed us was that the more reliable the report, the more likely that the sighting would be categorised as UNKNOWN.

And it also showed us that, in direct consideration of reliability, more than 20% of reports can be categorised as UNKNOWN.

Those are the bottom line facts that you simply cannot ignore.
 
Oops, I just noticed that I made a mistake in my calculation of the size of the objects on the film.

70% of 12 is about 8.5, so we should have a diameter of 8 or 9 rather than 9 or 10.

Of course, that makes MacCabee's calculation even worse, since now the best case is less than half of MacCabee's value of 140, and for a diameter of 8 pixels we get a total pixel number of just over 50, which is not much more than a third of MacCabee's original value.

So my original statement was actually completely correct and not an exaggeration.
 
Access Denied said:
Unbelievable! You cite the first series of statistical tests from the naïve Battelle study to claim there was a significant difference between KNOWNS and UNKNOWNS that the study ignored while you yourself ignored the second series of tests that reduced the apparent difference significantly and when Jocce pointed out the existence of this revised series of tests, you completely ignored it again.

So now, along with the false and misleading representations about the evidence I must cope with directly false assertions about my own statements and actions?

I (meaning me, not Jocce) first presented both analyses here:

It's really a minor thing but I was the first one to point out to you that there was a revised test done. You only brought up the first analysis and I can only speculate about your motives for that:

Ahh, now I see where your apparent confusion comes from. You only read about the first test that was done. If you continue reading (p68-76), you will see that they analysed the test results and noticed this:

and your reaction to this was:

One could legitimately conclude from the results of the revised analysis that it is stronger evidence of a significant difference between the UNKNOWNS and the KNOWNS – and not (as they have done) weaker…

...which is an interesting interpretation in itself.
 
It must be noted again that, once again (!) we have the authors of the report misleading us as to the true nature of their own analyses – as if they do not understand their own analyses (of course the authors are not the analysts - and therefore it is possible that they do not understand the analyses - and therefore we cannot call them liars directly).

That is your interpretation of the conclusions they draw. Another, imo far more likely conclusion, is that they realize the weaknesses in the analysis they do and therefore honestly say that it can neither be confirmed, nor denied, that UNKNOWNS are primarily KNOWNS. I base that on the fact that they honestly describe potential sources for error as in this comment (from page 68) after the first Chi square analysis:

Battelle Study said:
The UNKNOWNS might still be unidentified KNOWNS if either of the following cases occured:

(1) The characteristics which were observed for the UNKNOWNS were different from those observed for the KNOWNS because of the psychological make-up of the observer or because of atmospheric distortion. This assumes the distribution of objects in KNOWNS and UNKNOWNS is the same.

(2) The UNKNOWNS may be known objects in different proportions than the group identified as KNOWNS. (That is, a greater percentage of the UNKNOWNS could be aircraft than the percentage of aircraft in the identified KNOWNS.

Anyone who wants to maintain that the Chi Square analysis is definite evidence that the UNKNOWNS are not unidentified KNOWNS, they would have to show evidence that (1) and (2) above is false.
 
It's really a minor thing but I was the first one to point out to you that there was a revised test done. You only brought up the first analysis and I can only speculate about your motives for that:
You’re too kind sir. Actually, you brought it up even before that post you cite…

The bolded part is an interesting claim that goes against the evidence. Maybe he didn't notice the 15 pages of discussion and results of the revised tests done ? He should really have read pages 61 to 76.
Which he proceeded to ignore with this reply…

Those pages in the report discuss the Chi-Square analyses of the differences between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS – which of course showed that there was indeed a significant difference. Yet the report itself concludes in opposition to this. What or who are we then to believe - the data and the results of analysis or the opinions of an unknown author who wrote claims in opposition to that data and analysis? It seems Hynek was precisely correct when he stated ”the Battelle report completely disregards the results of these tests”!
To which you then replied with this post you cited so he could no longer ignore it…

Ahh, now I see where your apparent confusion comes from. You only read about the first test that was done. If you continue reading (p68-76), you will see that they analysed the test results and noticed this:



They then redid the test with astronomical phenomena removed from the KNOWN group and there was a much better fit, although not conclusive. They therefor concluded:



Hope this clears it up for you and I'm sure you now see that the Battelle report did not at all disregard the results of that first test.
Minor detail perhaps but if I were Rramjet I would feel an apology to you is in order for this...

So now, along with the false and misleading representations about the evidence I must cope with directly false assertions about my own statements and actions?

I (meaning me, not Jocce) first presented both analyses here:



I then presented them again HERE and again here…



That is another directly false statement - Jocce NEVER “cited the results of the second series of statistical tests for everybody to see”. It was me who did that!
But that’s just me.
 
Heavy metal toxicity can cause all of the symptoms mentioned, as can burns.
Not only is that merely an unfounded assertion and as such may be dismissed, it is also false assertion. For a start you have to explain how every member of the family got burned in the same way and then felt fine for maybe a week… and that latency period also rules against heavy metal poisoning – even if you could find a source – which of course is non-existent.

But we’ve been through all this already. I have to ask then, in the discussions of the cases I have been presenting, how it is that when we get to the point where all plausible mundane explanations have been exhausted, the UFO debunkers simply turn around and begin over again from the beginning, re-asserting things that have been dismissed, as if the discussion that lead up to the point had not occurred at all… (of course we actually know how it is…the UFO debunkers simply must obfuscate if they are to maintain their belief system in the face of the evidence)

So you think it's possible for a group of people to wake in terror, drop to their knees in prayer because they think the world is ending, and vomit before they can finish their prayers, and for these events to take an hour to occur?

Wow. Just, wow.

“Just wow?” LOL. I have already explained how the timing could be in error. For example:
All I am pointing out is that the “almost immediate” vomiting, (subjective as that statement is) might not be an accurate reflection of reality. All the other symptoms Cowgill could observe first hand - but who told him about the vomiting time frame? The victims, a doctor? We just don’t know. For example the victims might have told a doctor “sometime soon after” and the doctor tells Cowgill “soon after” and he tells us “almost immediately”.


Survivable, yes. But what percentage of people survive such high doses, and how long do people who don't survive them live? Saying that such high doses are survivable is a far cry from saying that 9 people of different ages and (one must assume) levels of health can all survive such doses for 3 weeks without relevant medical care.
You are the one positing “such high doses” and who knows? Perhaps some (or all) of them did not survive. We have no information one way or other.

I suggested a dose of 3 Gy on the basis of the latency period and the majority of the reported symptoms, pointing out that the vomiting was inconsistent with that dosage. You suggested a dose of 6 Gy in order to reduce the time delay before the onset of vomiting, but only after suggesting that it was their terror, or some other toxin (in the "smoke") that caused it. I pointed out, based on data from websites that you introduced as evidence, that to get the delay time under 10 minutes would require a dose in excess of 8 Gy. So, no, I haven't altered the dosage "on every retelling", I have simply pointed out, using your sources, which dosages are required for particular symptoms and latency periods.
Again with the false assertions? I have never suggested any specific dose! In fact some of the UFO debunkers have been complaining that I have not done so - and have been exhorting me to do so! LOL.

In fact the dosage “calculations” are all your own doing wollery – and I merely noted two things in that respect. First that such a calculation from you is founded on many potentially error filled statements (for which you have no way of knowing the error margins) and second, your “calculated” (and I use the term advisedly because you have shown none of your workings and none of the error margins surrounding the assumptions that you found your alleged calculation on) seems to have gone from 3 to 6 to 8Gy over the course of the past few pages.

I stated:
”Indeed. Radiation poisoning in 1886 Venezuela is certainly not a mundane explanation. Nor does it seem plausible.”
Well, that's quite an admission. So if it's neither mundane, nor plausible, why are you arguing so hard for it, and twisting evidence so far to support it?
I am not arguing for it! This is where you seem to have got the wrong end of the stick wollery. All I have been doing is pointing out that the victim’s symptomatology seems to closely match those of radiation poisoning and subsequently I have merely been pointing out the false and misleading sections in your own (and other’s) statements - as you scramble to falsify the radiation hypothesis!

I also stated:
” All I am noting however is that radiation sickness is an explanation that best fits the evidence.”
If the best fit doesn't fit then what use is it?
Sure it may not be a perfect fit – but then my statement simply means that out of all the mundane explanations we can think of – it is the closest fit.

I stated:
”If you cannot see that vomiting, swelling, a latency period, damaged skin turning to virulent sores and hair falling out resembles radiation poisoning, then I don’t know what more I can add except perhaps that the case defies mundane explanation.”
Except that when we examine the timeline and the required dosage for the various symptoms it really doesn't fit well at all.
And what if the “timeline” is not that accurate? And I noted that all we really have to go on in regards to accuracy is Cowgill’s first hand observations and anything else is potentially inaccurate - unless we can show evidence or a plausible logical reason why we should accept the statement.

I also find it rather ironic that it is the UFO debunkers who now seem to want an anecdotal tale to be so accurate in such details as to enable precise calculations of specific doses…

Are you sure you want to follow that line of reasoning?

The reason I ask is that it throws the entire account into doubt.
I am assuming the first hand accounts from Cowgill are reasonable accurate - and other things like the “macro” symptomatology and detail that could hardly be mistaken for anything else - like the swelling, the vomiting, the blackened skin, etc.

Which symptoms did Cowgill observe first hand?
He observed the virulent sores and the hair falling out - and the victim’s “truly horrible” appearance.

Did he observe the swelling?
No, but the victims or a doctor telling Cowgill about the swelling would seem to be acceptable to accept swelling occurred. It is the type of symptom that is not likely to have been mistaken for anything other than it was.

Did he observe the eruption of the sores on the 9th day?
He certainly would have been able to observe the virulent sores – but as to the “9th day” - we cannot be sure about the accuracy of that – we don’t know when the victims arrived at hospital (or indeed how many days after the incident they began to feel ill enough to attempt to get to a hospital) and we don’t know when Cowgill observed them there in their “truly horrible” state.

Did he observe the hair falling out on the 9th day?
He would certainly have been able to observe a loss of hair. As to the specific timing, as above, who knows if it is accurate?

When did he visit them?
Good question.

Who did he get his information from?
Another good question (although one can assume that he must have spoken to someone at the hospital - but we don’t know if that person was an administrator, a doctor, a caregiver, or the victims themselves, or any combination of the above).

If the timing of the vomiting can get so mangled then how can we dismiss the possibility of other details getting completely mangled?
I wouldn’t go so far as “mangled” but simply - we cannot – explicitly - except for the first hand observations by Cowgill and the “macro” symptoms and details that could not really be mistaken for anything other than what they were (like the swelling, the vomiting, etc)

When did they get to the hospital? At the end of the letter Cowgill states, "I have visited the sufferers, who are now in one of the hospitals of this city". That suggests that they did not get to the hospital until well after their symptoms developed. His letter is dated three and a half weeks after the initial incident, which suggests that he did not visit them until well after the 9th day.
You are possibly correct. But do keep going, you are making my point for me quite admirably. There is a set of things that we can be reasonably sure about: The cause (bright light, no heat, humming sound), the general symptomatology (vomiting, swelling, blackened skin, a latency period, virulent sores and loss of hair) and also probably (although less certain) the “uninjured” house and the later “withering” of the trees. Other things may or may not be accurate – we just don’t know.

That also brings up yet more questions;
How long after the visit did he write the letter? The same day? The next day? A week later?
Did he make notes at the time, or was he writing his account from memory?
Did the doctors in the Maracaibo hospital see the progression of the symptoms, or were they simply going from the victims account?
If the latter, then how much did the victims remember incorrectly, and how much did the doctors remember incorrectly?
Once again you make my point admirably.

Just what can we trust from this account, given that, at best, it is second hand, and may be as much as third or even fourth hand, and may have been distorted by the amount of time between the event and the number of times it was retold?
Precisely. However I am taking the first hand observations of Cowgill to be reasonably accurate as well as those details that could hardly be mistaken for anything other than what they were (see above). Anything else, given all the considerations you have pointed to, is up for debate.

The posts in this thread tell a different story.

(…)

You rebutted the burn hypothesis put forward by Jocce by stating that it was inconsistent with the evidence. You did this on several occasions, and on every occasion the piece of evidence you used was the statement that it was the side that was underneath at the time that was the worst affected. I pointed out that that also made the radiation hypothesis problematic, and after much prodding and pointing out of other inconsistencies you say that we should be wary of such details.
First, in response to Jocce, I pointed out that the symptomatology resembled radiation poisoning – while being a lesser fit with the heavy metal and burns hypotheses.

I then pointed out that Jocce’s statement (“hair that has fallen off on one side of the head, blackened blotches on the body that has turned into sores when the skin peeled off on the same side of the body as the hair was missing on”) was a complete fabrication by pointing to the totality of what the article itself stated in that regard (”The hair of the head fell off upon the side which happened to be underneath when the phenomenon occurred…”) and as an aside I merely noted that statement also happened to be inconsistent with his “burns” hypothesis. In the face of Jocce’s then persistent misrepresentations - I merely reiterated my points in two subsequent posts.

Then later you asked why I thought the burns hypothesis implausible - and I replied to you that there was a brilliant light but no heat (note I did not use the statement in question to justify a rejection of the burns hypothesis to you). I then indicated that we actually had to be wary of (the statements in question) because we don’t know (for example) that “underneath” is an accurate reflection of reality.

Simply put, you used a piece of evidence that you thought counted in your favour, until it was shown that it counted against you, and then you tried to diminish its importance and accuracy.
That is simply a false and misleading assessment. In the first instance I was using the statement to correct Jocce’s false assertions - and when you began questioning me on it you will note that I did not use that statement to support my rejection of the burns hypotheses at all.

Your denial of this sequence of events is at best a serious lapse of memory, and at worst a blatant act of dishonesty and hypocrisy.
Sticks and stones wollery … but perhaps you should have simply read over my quotes more carefully - in their original context - without a preconceived bias in your mind concerning what you wanted them to indicate?

I stated:
” The case defies plausible mundane explanation. It is a true mystery.”
That you seem to want to twist to fit one particular causal agent.
I think it is rather obvious who is doing all the “twisting” around here… just look to your following statement for a prime example…

You've admitted that radiation is neither mundane nor plausible, and yet, despite dismissing hypotheses in many other cases on the grounds that they are not mundane…
Again we have a false and misleading statement from you. I have never dismissed anything on the grounds that it is not mundane. What was that you just said about twisting..?

…or that they are not plausible…
No, I dismiss hypothetical explanations when they do not fit the evidence.

…you keep pushing the radiation hypothesis. Why?
“Pushing” is a misleading characterisation wollery – of all the hypothetical mundane explanations, the radiation hypothesis best fits the evidence – nothing more, nothing less. Yet how can it be possible? Radiation sickness in 1886 Venezuela? The case simply defies plausible mundane explanation.
 
That is your interpretation of the conclusions they draw. Another, imo far more likely conclusion, is that they realize the weaknesses in the analysis they do and therefore honestly say that it can neither be confirmed, nor denied, that UNKNOWNS are primarily KNOWNS. I base that on the fact that they honestly describe potential sources for error as in this comment (from page 68) after the first Chi square analysis:
The Chi-square analyses show a significant difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS Jocce. No matter how you may twist and turn that fact remains.

(1) The characteristics which were observed for the UNKNOWNS were different from those observed for the KNOWNS because of the psychological make-up of the observer or because of atmospheric distortion. This assumes the distribution of objects in KNOWNS and UNKNOWNS is the same.

(2) The UNKNOWNS may be known objects in different proportions than the group identified as KNOWNS. (That is, a greater percentage of the UNKNOWNS could be aircraft than the percentage of aircraft in the identified KNOWNS.

Anyone who wants to maintain that the Chi Square analysis is definite evidence that the UNKNOWNS are not unidentified KNOWNS, they would have to show evidence that (1) and (2) above is false.

Regarding (1 – subjective characteristics section). You have obviously not understood that such things as psychological make-up, atmospheric distortion (in fact all subjectivity in general) affects ALL reports equally. That is, all reports were equal in all those respects going into the analyses. So (1) is false in that regard and that is why a Chi-square (comparative) analysis of the data is appropriate.

As to point number (2) - and the “distribution” objection in (1), I have explained it all to you previously - but let me take a more statistical approach. First, at its heart a Chi-square analysis looks to see if there is a significant difference between what is observed and what is expected . Chi-square also accounts for different group sizes and distributions within groups.

Imagine we have the following table:

Shape | KNOWN | UNKNOWN | Total
Round | 100 | 10 | 110
Triangular | 17 | 6 | 23
Square | 14 | 9 | 23
Total | 131 | 25 | 156

You will note that the groups are of different sizes (131 and 25 respectively) and that there is also a preponderance of round objects in the KNOWN category (100 compared with 17 and 14).

Now χ2 = sum of (observed – expected)2/ expected.

How then do we calculate the expected value? That is: Expected = Total of Shape*Total of category/Grand total. For example the expected value in the KNOWN-Round cell is 110*131/156 = 92.37 and the expected value for the UNKNOWN-round cell is 110*25/156 = 17.6.

Now the Chi-square = (100-92.37)2/92.37 + (10-17.6)2/17.6 = 0.6 + 3.28 = 3.88. Now we have one degree of freedom and looking at a Chi- square distribution table we note that the 0.05 cut-off value is 3.841. We can therefore conclude that there is a significant difference in the number of round objects between both groups (LOL - this was an entirely serendipitous result!).

Now we can continue to do that for all shape categories (as per the Battelle study) and then add the resulting Chi-squares for each category and use that total Chi-square statistic to look to see if there is an overall difference on shape between the two groups.

If we then remove a subset of observations (say all those that mistook any object for an apple – as the Battelle study did in removing any “astronomical” misidentification) we will simply be left with smaller groups and potentially different numbers in each cell to assess (as per the Battelle study).

Note that the analysis accounts for the differences in group size and the “preponderance” of one shape over the others. So again (1 –“distribution” objection) and (2) are both false. (if you still don't believe me then increase the UNKNOWN group size to 131, adjust the cell values proportionately and accordingly, and redo the calculations).

There is your evidence that (1) and (2) are false Jocce.

The Battelle study legitimately shows us that there is a significant difference between the KNOWNs and the UNKNOWNs. That is simply an inescapable and irrefutable fact.
 
Thank you for posting the incorrect calculations I was talking about. You'll note that he uses 150,000 feet as the distance to calculate the number of pixel elements (pixels) that the round objects would cover. In reality that would only be the case if the objects were directly overhead, which they weren't. Assuming a lateral distance of roughly the same amount (we can't know for sure what the distance was, but it seems reasonable) that gives us an angle of 45 degrees, and therefore a reduction in pixel number of about 30% (sin45=0.707).
Oh? Why not put them on the horizon then? Of course it is legitimate to use the analysts own figures (150,000 feet) as the basis for the calculation! That is the distance figure (from the cameras) we were provided by the analysts themselves, and that is the figure we must then use!

Next he states that a circle of diameter 12 pixels has a total of about 140 pixels over the whole image. Now I don't doubt he had to do some pretty tough maths to get his qualifications, but most 14 year old students could tell you that the area of a circle with a diameter equivalent to 12 pixels is a shade over 113 pixels.
Yes, the area of a circle is Pi r squared = 3.14 x 36 = 113 (so Maccabee’s 140 pixels is an obvious error). However 113 is still plenty to discern the shape. Even going on your estimates (at the lower end) 64 pixels is still good enough to determine shape!

Okay, maybe on going from memory I overstated his inaccuracy a bit, but it's still rather a long way from the realistic value you'd expect from such an "expert".
So he made a mistake – it does not affect the ultimate ability to make a determination of shape.

Of course, we don't know where the cameras were located, and the horizontal distance could be larger than 28 miles. Certainly the cameras wouldn't be stationed on the base from which the rocket tests were launched, they'd want some distance to allow the angles to be measured accurately. A distance of 50 miles would give an angle of 30 degrees and give a diameter of 6 pixels for the objects, giving a total of less than 30 pixels for the whole image.
Ughhh …the analysts told[/’I] us the altitude – which was in fact the calculated distance from the cameras! It was 150, 000 feet! Spin it as much as you like wollery, but that fact remains!

What Dr. MacCabee did was to take the minimum possible distance, which is both unrealistic and contrary to the evidence…
The analysts told us the altitude – which was in fact the calculated distance from the cameras! It was 150, 000 feet! And that is the figure Dr Maccabee used. Spin it as much as you like wollery, but that fact remains!

…and calculate the area as though it were a square.
That was an obvious mistake – but it does not affect the ability to discern shape.

This is either a shocking oversight for a man of his qualifications and experience…
You’ve never made a calculation error?

…or it is an attempt to make the numbers seem better than they are.
Why would he need to do that when the correct result allows the determination of shape anyway?

Either way, it throws into doubt any analysis that he performs on this subject…
No, we can (and we have) been able to verify his calculations and correct for his errors – and there is no doubt the corrected result still allows for a determination of shape..

… particularly if we don't have his maths to check any calculations he may have performed.
But we do have the maths to check his calculations. You did it yourself!

To simply take his word because he has some qualifications is unscientific, and gullible.
No, we don’t take his word. We check his calculations and correct for any errors that might be apparent in them.

So, where was my statement incorrect?
See all of the above.


On Rogue River:

There a couple of pertinent facts that need to be stated.

First, GoodYear was the only private company that had blimps at the time (1949) and the blimps they had were sold to them by the Navy.

Second, yes I made mistake as to the colour of the GoodYear blimps of the era, but that does not detract from the fact that they had a large GoodYear logo emblazoned on both flanks and considering that the eyewitnesses were able to determine such details as: “The trailing edge of the object as it travelled appeared to be somewhat wrinkled and dirty looking” then they would hardly have been likely to miss a GoodYear logo! (besides they described a round object, like a coin or a pancake!)

Third, the historical evidence suggests that there was no blimp at Rogue River at the time (indeed the historical record indicates GoodYear ran a sightseeing service - in 1947 - to the area, but nothing subsequent to that and not in 1949).

Quite simply, no matter how you spin it, the historical evidence suggests no blimp and the eyewitness evidence does not describe a blimp. The reasonable conclusion is that it was not a blimp. That’s the bottom line here. The blimp hypothesis simply does not fit with the evidence!
 
But we’ve been through all this already. I have to ask then, in the discussions of the cases I have been presenting, how it is that when we get to the point where all plausible mundane explanations have been exhausted,
This is a blatantly false and dishonest assertion. As you have proven, you have no ability to eliminate mundane explanations, plausible or not.

the UFO debunkers simply turn around and begin over again from the beginning, re-asserting things that have been dismissed, as if the discussion that lead up to the point had not occurred at all… (of course we actually know how it is…the UFO debunkers simply must obfuscate if they are to maintain their belief system in the face of the evidence).
What belief system would that be? And what extraordinary evidence would that be?
 
Not only is that merely an unfounded assertion and as such may be dismissed, it is also false assertion. For a start you have to explain how every member of the family got burned in the same way and then felt fine for maybe a week… and that latency period also rules against heavy metal poisoning – even if you could find a source – which of course is non-existent.
Really? Most heavy metal poisoning has a latency period, ranging from a few hours to several years. For instance, Methyl Mercury poisoning can be latent for several months. So, umm, no.

But we’ve been through all this already. I have to ask then, in the discussions of the cases I have been presenting, how it is that when we get to the point where all plausible mundane explanations have been exhausted, the UFO debunkers simply turn around and begin over again from the beginning, re-asserting things that have been dismissed, as if the discussion that lead up to the point had not occurred at all… (of course we actually know how it is…the UFO debunkers simply must obfuscate if they are to maintain their belief system in the face of the evidence)
All I said is that other causative factors can produce the overt symptoms described. This is demonstrably true.

“Just wow?” LOL. I have already explained how the timing could be in error. For example:
As long as an hour? Please explain how their actions, as described, could possibly, or even plausibly, take more than a few minutes.

I dare you to try.

You are the one positing “such high doses” and who knows? Perhaps some (or all) of them did not survive. We have no information one way or other.
I only mentioned high doses because otherwise the timing of vomiting doesn't fit. Of course, the rest of the symptoms and the timing then don't fit.

Again with the false assertions? I have never suggested any specific dose! In fact some of the UFO debunkers have been complaining that I have not done so - and have been exhorting me to do so! LOL.
You're right, that was my mistake, but you did ask about higher dosages that could cause earlier onset of vomiting, which is why I looked at the results of 6 Gy and 8 Gy dosages, neither of which fit the other evidence.

In fact the dosage “calculations” are all your own doing wollery – and I merely noted two things in that respect. First that such a calculation from you is founded on many potentially error filled statements (for which you have no way of knowing the error margins) and second, your “calculated” (and I use the term advisedly because you have shown none of your workings and none of the error margins surrounding the assumptions that you found your alleged calculation on) seems to have gone from 3 to 6 to 8Gy over the course of the past few pages.
The dosage calculations were, as I stated, educated guesses based on the descriptions of the overt symptoms and the latency period, things that you insist are relatively reliable and point to radiation poisoning. The higher doses I mentioned are simply the doses required for the rapid onset of the vomiting. I've backed these numbers up with reference to data from sources that you introduced. Moreover, you cannot point to anything that specifically refutes the dosage information that I have supplied. You simply obscure the evidence (something that you have recently accused a lot of other people of doing) by talking about "error filled statements" and asking for numerical calculations, something that you know (or should know) is not possible. Perhaps calculation is the wrong word, but the essential point I am making remains - the actual symptoms described and specifically their timeline do not fit with radiation poisoning.

Furthermore, if the statements are error filled then what can we be certain of?

I stated:
”Indeed. Radiation poisoning in 1886 Venezuela is certainly not a mundane explanation. Nor does it seem plausible.”

I am not arguing for it! This is where you seem to have got the wrong end of the stick wollery. All I have been doing is pointing out that the victim’s symptomatology seems to closely match those of radiation poisoning and subsequently I have merely been pointing out the false and misleading sections in your own (and other’s) statements - as you scramble to falsify the radiation hypothesis!
I'm not scrambling to falsify anything, I'm simply pointing out inconsistencies, that you seem intent on ignoring or obscuring.

I also stated:
” All I am noting however is that radiation sickness is an explanation that best fits the evidence.”

Sure it may not be a perfect fit – but then my statement simply means that out of all the mundane explanations we can think of – it is the closest fit.
And I ask again, if the best fit doesn't fit then what good is it? Why posit it at all? You're very good at dismissing all the other explanations, why not dismiss radiation poisoning as well?

I stated:
”If you cannot see that vomiting, swelling, a latency period, damaged skin turning to virulent sores and hair falling out resembles radiation poisoning, then I don’t know what more I can add except perhaps that the case defies mundane explanation.”
But it only resembles it at a superficial level. Even if we allow for reasonable errors in the amount of time before they vomited it still doesn't fit with the latency period or the lack of other typical symptoms.

And what if the “timeline” is not that accurate? And I noted that all we really have to go on in regards to accuracy is Cowgill’s first hand observations and anything else is potentially inaccurate - unless we can show evidence or a plausible logical reason why we should accept the statement.
But what exactly were Cowgill's first hand observations?

I also find it rather ironic that it is the UFO debunkers who now seem to want an anecdotal tale to be so accurate in such details as to enable precise calculations of specific doses…
Well, that's kind of the point. The tale is indeed just anecdotal, yet you seem to want to use it to suggest something more.

I am assuming the first hand accounts from Cowgill are reasonable accurate - and other things like the “macro” symptomatology and detail that could hardly be mistaken for anything else - like the swelling, the vomiting, the blackened skin, etc.
Again, I ask, what were Cowgill's first hand observations?

He observed the virulent sores and the hair falling out - and the victim’s “truly horrible” appearance.
That's not much to go on really. Those could be caused by literally hundreds of things. Also, he didn't observe the hair "falling out" he could only observe that it had fallen out. That may seem like nitpicking, but it's an important distinction. All he saw was the end result, well after the fact.

No, but the victims or a doctor telling Cowgill about the swelling would seem to be acceptable to accept swelling occurred. It is the type of symptom that is not likely to have been mistaken for anything other than it was.
What sort of swelling? Mild or severe? Painful, itchy or no discomfort? When exactly did it happen, and when did it subside? Was it localised in several different areas, or general swelling across the whole upper body? If the culprit was beamed radiation then why was not the lower body not affected, or less affected?

He certainly would have been able to observe the virulent sores – but as to the “9th day” - we cannot be sure about the accuracy of that – we don’t know when the victims arrived at hospital (or indeed how many days after the incident they began to feel ill enough to attempt to get to a hospital) and we don’t know when Cowgill observed them there in their “truly horrible” state.
Precisely. So all we have to go on is Cowgill's version, possibly repeated through a doctor, with all the inaccuracy that entails.

He would certainly have been able to observe a loss of hair. As to the specific timing, as above, who knows if it is accurate?
Indeed.

Good question.

Another good question (although one can assume that he must have spoken to someone at the hospital - but we don’t know if that person was an administrator, a doctor, a caregiver, or the victims themselves, or any combination of the above).
And again, how many people did this account go through before it got to Cowgill? You're describing a game of Chinese whispers and asking us to believe selected parts of the results.

I wouldn’t go so far as “mangled” but simply - we cannot – explicitly - except for the first hand observations by Cowgill and the “macro” symptoms and details that could not really be mistaken for anything other than what they were (like the swelling, the vomiting, etc)
After going through the Chinese Whispers filter, how can we be sure of those symptoms? You've already suggested that the timing of the vomiting could have been altered, why not the severity, or the number of victims that experienced it. The same applies to the swelling.

You are possibly correct. But do keep going, you are making my point for me quite admirably. There is a set of things that we can be reasonably sure about: The cause (bright light, no heat, humming sound), the general symptomatology (vomiting, swelling, blackened skin, a latency period, virulent sores and loss of hair) and also probably (although less certain) the “uninjured” house and the later “withering” of the trees. Other things may or may not be accurate – we just don’t know.
Can we be sure about the bright light, no heat, humming sound. You've already pointed out how a simple phrase can be altered in transmission from one person to the next. Maybe the doctor misunderstood their description. Maybe they said a bright light that lit up the room, the doctor said a very strong light that brightly lit up the room, and Cowgill gives us "vivid, dazzling light, which brilliantly illuminated the interior of the house". Maybe they were asked if there was any noise and one of them said, "Well, there was a sort of humming noise", and this ends up being a loud humming noise.

If we're supposing that some of the account was altered in the retelling then we can't trust any of it to be accurate.

Once again you make my point admirably.
And my point. There's very little, if anything, in this account that can be taken as accurate. So why did you include it at all?

And this raises yet another point. One of the most typical symptoms of radiation poisoning is infections with high fever. If Cowgill got his information from a doctor why would that not be mentioned? Why not mention bloody diarrhoea? After all, the doctor has nothing to be ashamed about in that respect.

Precisely. However I am taking the first hand observations of Cowgill to be reasonably accurate as well as those details that could hardly be mistaken for anything other than what they were (see above). Anything else, given all the considerations you have pointed to, is up for debate.
Even some of those symptoms that "could hardly be mistaken for anything else" must be taken with a pinch of salt.

First, in response to Jocce, I pointed out that the symptomatology resembled radiation poisoning – while being a lesser fit with the heavy metal and burns hypotheses.

I then pointed out that Jocce’s statement (“hair that has fallen off on one side of the head, blackened blotches on the body that has turned into sores when the skin peeled off on the same side of the body as the hair was missing on”) was a complete fabrication by pointing to the totality of what the article itself stated in that regard (”The hair of the head fell off upon the side which happened to be underneath when the phenomenon occurred…”) and as an aside I merely noted that statement also happened to be inconsistent with his “burns” hypothesis. In the face of Jocce’s then persistent misrepresentations - I merely reiterated my points in two subsequent posts.

Then later you asked why I thought the burns hypothesis implausible - and I replied to you that there was a brilliant light but no heat (note I did not use the statement in question to justify a rejection of the burns hypothesis to you). I then indicated that we actually had to be wary of (the statements in question) because we don’t know (for example) that “underneath” is an accurate reflection of reality.
Since I have actually quoted you directly, and your posts show the record, I have difficulty believing that you can post that with a straight face.

But feel free to prove me wrong. Post the relevant quotes, in context, that show that you used the example of "a brilliant light but no heat" in response to my questioning about the burns hypothesis.

I've already quoted the section of your response to me and where you specifically use the phrase;
”The hair of the head fell off upon the side which happened to be underneath when the phenomenon occurred…”

And to Jocce, where you say;
I have just demonstrated the inconsistency in the “burns” hypothesis (”The hair of the head fell off upon the side which happened to be underneath when the phenomenon occurred…”)

So denying that you did so is just a lie.

That is simply a false and misleading assessment. In the first instance I was using the statement to correct Jocce’s false assertions - and when you began questioning me on it you will note that I did not use that statement to support my rejection of the burns hypotheses at all.
Except you did, and I've quoted the relevant section of your post where you did. See my previous post on this subject, with all the relevant quotes in chronological order.

Sticks and stones wollery … but perhaps you should have simply read over my quotes more carefully - in their original context - without a preconceived bias in your mind concerning what you wanted them to indicate?
I read them very carefully, but perhaps you would be so kind as to demonstrate, with all relevant quotes, and no omissions, where I am wrong.

I stated:
” The case defies plausible mundane explanation. It is a true mystery.”

I think it is rather obvious who is doing all the “twisting” around here… just look to your following statement for a prime example…

Again we have a false and misleading statement from you. I have never dismissed anything on the grounds that it is not mundane. What was that you just said about twisting..?

No, I dismiss hypothetical explanations when they do not fit the evidence.
If you haven't dismissed any explanations on the basis of them being non-mundane then maybe that's because nobody has offered any non-mundane explanations. You have, however, stated that non-mundane explanations are purely speculative, so if a non-mundane explanation were to be offered I have absolutely no doubt that you would dismiss it, and rightly so. As for dismissing things that are "implausible", that was your phrase, that you introduced to the discussion, to describe things that you consider do not fit the evidence, regardless of other people's opinions on whether or not they fit the evidence.

“Pushing” is a misleading characterisation wollery – of all the hypothetical mundane explanations, the radiation hypothesis best fits the evidence – nothing more, nothing less. Yet how can it be possible? Radiation sickness in 1886 Venezuela? The case simply defies plausible mundane explanation.
As I've said before, if the best fit doesn't fit, then what good is it?

And more to the point, if, as you have now said more than once, the radiation explanation is non-mundane and implausible, then why do you keep arguing that it fits the evidence?
 
Oh? Why not put them on the horizon then? Of course it is legitimate to use the analysts own figures (150,000 feet) as the basis for the calculation! That is the distance figure (from the cameras) we were provided by the analysts themselves, and that is the figure we must then use!
No, that's the altitude, calculated from the angle between the line of sight to the object and the ground and the angle between the object and the two observing stations. If the distance from the camera (singular) that made the altitude measurement was 150,000 feet then the actual altitude would have been lower.

I was under the impression that you knew how triangulation of aerial objects worked.

Yes, the area of a circle is Pi r squared = 3.14 x 36 = 113 (so Maccabee’s 140 pixels is an obvious error). However 113 is still plenty to discern the shape. Even going on your estimates (at the lower end) 64 pixels is still good enough to determine shape!
Is it? Let's examine that statement. Suppose there's an error on the measurement of +/- 1 pixel.

At 12 pixels that error would result in a possible width to height ratio of 11/13, which is about 16% difference. At 9 pixels it would be 8/10 which is a 20% difference. If you look at my later post, where I show it could be as little as 8 pixels, that would be 7/9, which is getting on for a 25% difference. You also have the factor that bright lights tend to bloom and therefore circularise as they pass through the atmosphere - it's part of the effect known as "seeing". This would further distort and circularise the image.

So, simply put, no, it wouldn't be that simple to determine the shape for smaller angular sizes.

So he made a mistake – it does not affect the ultimate ability to make a determination of shape.
Yes, it does, and if it was simply an error then it was a bad one for someone with his qualifications and experience to make.

Ughhh …the analysts told us the altitude – which was in fact the calculated distance from the cameras! It was 150, 000 feet! Spin it as much as you like wollery, but that fact remains!
I refer you to my answer above. 150,000 feet was the altitude, not the line of sight distance.

The analysts told us the altitude – which was in fact the calculated distance from the cameras! It was 150, 000 feet! And that is the figure Dr Maccabee used. Spin it as much as you like wollery, but that fact remains!
Again, you make the same mistake. Presumably the same mistake Dr. MacCabee made.

That was an obvious mistake – but it does not affect the ability to discern shape.
Yes, it does, as shown above.

You’ve never made a calculation error?
Yes, I have, and when I have I admit that it affects the conclusions that can be drawn. Then I redo the calculation, recheck it, and alter my conclusions accordingly. What I don't do is say, "Well, it's close enough".

Why would he need to do that when the correct result allows the determination of shape anyway?
Maybe because the correct result makes shape determination less reliable. But it was just a suggestion of what might have happened. I'm perfectly willing to believe it was simply a mistake (two mistakes, actually), but I repeat that if it was a mistake it was a bad mistake for someone with his qualifications and experience.

No, we can (and we have) been able to verify his calculations and correct for his errors – and there is no doubt the corrected result still allows for a determination of shape..
There is doubt. See above.

But we do have the maths to check his calculations. You did it yourself!
In this case, yes, which allows us to see that he made basic errors that one would not expect for someone with his qualifications and experience.

No, we don’t take his word. We check his calculations and correct for any errors that might be apparent in them.
If we have those calculations. And that then allows us to see that his results, where we don't have calculations, could be in error as well.

See all of the above.
Sorry, no errors. 150,000 feet was the altitude, not the line of sight distance, and the final result from a reasonable calculation results in an image size that calls the shape analysis into question.

On Rogue River:

There a couple of pertinent facts that need to be stated.

First, GoodYear was the only private company that had blimps at the time (1949)
One of which was in the area at the time.

and the blimps they had were sold to them by the Navy.
Irrelevant.

Second, yes I made mistake as to the colour of the GoodYear blimps of the era, but that does not detract from the fact that they had a large GoodYear logo emblazoned on both flanks and considering that the eyewitnesses were able to determine such details as: “The trailing edge of the object as it travelled appeared to be somewhat wrinkled and dirty looking” then they would hardly have been likely to miss a GoodYear logo! (besides they described a round object, like a coin or a pancake!)
Observing a small object, through binoculars of unknown quality, from a potentially unstable platform with the Sun behind them making obscuring specular reflection from the surface a distinct possibility.

Schiapparelli, a observer of some expertise and experience, spent months observing a relatively large image of Mars through a precision instrument on a solid observing platform, and managed to include numerous details that weren't there to be observed.

Simply put, the eye and brain can play tricks on us, making us see things that aren't there, and miss things that are.

Third, the historical evidence suggests that there was no blimp at Rogue River at the time (indeed the historical record indicates GoodYear ran a sightseeing service - in 1947 - to the area, but nothing subsequent to that and not in 1949).
And yet we have historical confirmation of a Goodyear blimp in the general area at the time in question. To deny that fact is just ridiculous.

Quite simply, no matter how you spin it, the historical evidence suggests no blimp and the eyewitness evidence does not describe a blimp. The reasonable conclusion is that it was not a blimp. That’s the bottom line here. The blimp hypothesis simply does not fit with the evidence!
Actually, the historical evidence demonstrates that there was a blimp in the general area at the time, and the eyewitness evidence does not rule out a blimp as a potential explanation.
 
The Chi-square analyses show a significant difference between the KNOWNS and the UNKNOWNS Jocce. No matter how you may twist and turn that fact remains.

I'm not trying to twist it any way. I am pointing out two potential sources for error that could lead to "false positives" so to speak.

Regarding (1 – subjective characteristics section). You have obviously not understood that such things as psychological make-up, atmospheric distortion (in fact all subjectivity in general) affects ALL reports equally. That is, all reports were equal in all those respects going into the analyses. So (1) is false in that regard and that is why a Chi-square (comparative) analysis of the data is appropriate.

You're once again confusing claims with evidence. Just saying that "all reports were equal in all those respects" is not evidence that they were.

As to point number (2) - and the “distribution” objection in (1), I have explained it all to you previously - but let me take a more statistical approach. First, at its heart a Chi-square analysis looks to see if there is a significant difference between what is observed and what is expected . Chi-square also accounts for different group sizes and distributions within groups.

Imagine we have the following table:

Shape | KNOWN | UNKNOWN | Total
Round | 100 | 10 | 110
Triangular | 17 | 6 | 23
Square | 14 | 9 | 23
Total | 131 | 25 | 156
You will note that the groups are of different sizes (131 and 25 respectively) and that there is also a preponderance of round objects in the KNOWN category (100 compared with 17 and 14).

Now χ2 = sum of (observed – expected)2/ expected.

How then do we calculate the expected value? That is: Expected = Total of Shape*Total of category/Grand total. For example the expected value in the KNOWN-Round cell is 110*131/156 = 92.37 and the expected value for the UNKNOWN-round cell is 110*25/156 = 17.6.

Now the Chi-square = (100-92.37)2/92.37 + (10-17.6)2/17.6 = 0.6 + 3.28 = 3.88. Now we have one degree of freedom and looking at a Chi- square distribution table we note that the 0.05 cut-off value is 3.841. We can therefore conclude that there is a significant difference in the number of round objects between both groups (LOL - this was an entirely serendipitous result!).

Now we can continue to do that for all shape categories (as per the Battelle study) and then add the resulting Chi-squares for each category and use that total Chi-square statistic to look to see if there is an overall difference on shape between the two groups.

If we then remove a subset of observations (say all those that mistook any object for an apple – as the Battelle study did in removing any “astronomical” misidentification) we will simply be left with smaller groups and potentially different numbers in each cell to assess (as per the Battelle study).

Note that the analysis accounts for the differences in group size and the “preponderance” of one shape over the others. So again (1 –“distribution” objection) and (2) are both false. (if you still don't believe me then increase the UNKNOWN group size to 131, adjust the cell values proportionately and accordingly, and redo the calculations).

So many words and yet you don't argue about anything that is related to (2). This is the conversation so far:

Me: You get a "false positive" so to speak if there are airplanes left in the UNKNOWN group but in a different proportion than in the KNOWN group.

You: Don't be stupid, it doesn't matter if there are different numbers of white things in the groups.

Me: Eh....that argument is not related to what I was saying
.

Using my psychic powers I now look into the future and try to foresee your next reply:

You: Unfounded assertion and can be dismissed as such.
 
Oh? Why not put them on the horizon then? Of course it is legitimate to use the analysts own figures (150,000 feet) as the basis for the calculation! That is the distance figure (from the cameras) we were provided by the analysts themselves, and that is the figure we must then use!

Seriously Rramjet. Don't you know the difference between altitude and distance and understand why distance and altitude would only be the same if you're looking at an object that is straight up over your head?
 
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I have to ask then, in the discussions of the cases I have been presenting, how it is that when we get to the point where all plausible mundane explanations have been exhausted, the UFO debunkers simply turn around and begin over again from the beginning, re-asserting things that have been dismissed, as if the discussion that lead up to the point had not occurred at all… (of course we actually know how it is…the UFO debunkers simply must obfuscate if they are to maintain their belief system in the face of the evidence)

Rramjet, please don't turn this into one of those "skepticism is a religion" discussions. They never go anywhere useful.

As for the rest of it, I note that this is all criticism that can be leveled at you as well. From the point of view of the people on the other side of the discussion you bringing up the Rogue River case again is "turning around and beginning over again from the beginning, re-asserting things that have been dismissed, as if the discussion that lead up to the point had not occurred at all". I'm not saying either side is right or wrong, I'm just saying that it's not productive to complain about it. Let's just proceed as best we can without character attacks.

I would much prefer we stay on one case at a time. For example, I've been explaining since January why Cowgill's letter being factually inaccurate is a plausible explanation. You have still not provided any evidence to the contrary, and in fact haven't even replied to my last two posts.

http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=6931455&postcount=8408

http://www.internationalskeptics.com/forums/showpost.php?p=6935927&postcount=8418
 
Really? Most heavy metal poisoning has a latency period, ranging from a few hours to several years. For instance, Methyl Mercury poisoning can be latent for several months. So, umm, no.
This is a prime example of how a UFO debunker will misrepresent the evidence to suit their own belief system.

The latency period in radiation poisoning is between two episodes of symptomatology while the latency period in methylmercury poisoning is before symptomatology begins. In radiation we have; exposure, immediate symptoms, latency, symptoms. In heavy metal poisoning we sometimes have exposure, latency, symptoms. This is what makes radiation poisoning so distinctive and recognisable, it is the latency period between bouts of symptomatology. No other form of poisoning has that distinctive, signature characteristic.

All I said is that other causative factors can produce the overt symptoms described. This is demonstrably true.
Just not the course and latency period… so false.

As long as an hour? Please explain how their actions, as described, could possibly, or even plausibly, take more than a few minutes.

I dare you to try.
You “dare” me? But I have already done so (more than once…):
All I am pointing out is that the “almost immediate” vomiting, (subjective as that statement is) might not be an accurate reflection of reality. All the other symptoms Cowgill could observe first hand - but who told him about the vomiting time frame? The victims, a doctor? We just don’t know. For example the victims might have told a doctor “sometime soon after” and the doctor tells Cowgill “soon after” and he tells us “almost immediately”.


The dosage calculations were, as I stated, educated guesses based on the descriptions of the overt symptoms and the latency period, things that you insist are relatively reliable and point to radiation poisoning. The higher doses I mentioned are simply the doses required for the rapid onset of the vomiting. I've backed these numbers up with reference to data from sources that you introduced. Moreover, you cannot point to anything that specifically refutes the dosage information that I have supplied. You simply obscure the evidence (something that you have recently accused a lot of other people of doing) by talking about "error filled statements" and asking for numerical calculations, something that you know (or should know) is not possible. Perhaps calculation is the wrong word, but the essential point I am making remains - the actual symptoms described and specifically their timeline do not fit with radiation poisoning.
All I am saying wollery is that the course of the victims illness (exposure, symptoms, latency, symptoms) is a signature pattern of radiation sickness. Not only that, but the symptoms themselves (vomiting, swelling, blackened skin turning to virulent sores, hair falling out) are also symptoms of radiation sickness. Not only that, but there seems to be no other mundane causal element that would cause the specific symptomatology.

So all we have to go on is Cowgill's version, possibly repeated through a doctor, with all the inaccuracy that entails.
Yes, that’s correct and many things can become distorted in the retelling of a tale. However, what we can be reasonably sure about is the basic cause (the bright light, no heat) and the basic symptomatology (vomiting, swelling, skin reaction, latency period, virulent sores, loss of hair). These are the types of things that could hardly be misinterpreted as anything other than they were – and these are the things that are specifically suggestive of radiation poisoning.

And this raises yet another point. One of the most typical symptoms of radiation poisoning is infections with high fever. If Cowgill got his information from a doctor why would that not be mentioned? Why not mention bloody diarrhoea? After all, the doctor has nothing to be ashamed about in that respect.
Cowgill noted that the victims appeared in a “truly horrible” state and he was told about (and observed) some of the overt symptomatology. It would hardly be necessary for the doctors or the victims to enter into the finer details of the illness (such as fever and diarrhoea) nor would it be necessary or seemly for Cowgill to relate such covert symptomatology to the broader world even if he knew about it.

If you haven't dismissed any explanations on the basis of them being non-mundane then maybe that's because nobody has offered any non-mundane explanations.
You and Jocce have attempted mundane explanations (heavy metal and burn) but they simply don’t fit the victim’s symptomatology. No other mundane explanation fits the symptomatology other than radiation sickness. Yet radiation sickness in 1886 Venezuela? It’s a true mystery. It defies mundane explanation.
 
No, that's the altitude, calculated from the angle between the line of sight to the object and the ground and the angle between the object and the two observing stations. If the distance from the camera (singular) that made the altitude measurement was 150,000 feet then the actual altitude would have been lower.
First, if that was the case then the determination of shape would have been that much easier.

Second, the distance calculation is a basic trigonometric calculation (we know the base distance, and we know two angles). As to which camera the distance was calculated from makes only a minor difference in the resulting distance calculation.

At 12 pixels that error would result in a possible width to height ratio of 11/13, which is about 16% difference. At 9 pixels it would be 8/10 which is a 20% difference. If you look at my later post, where I show it could be as little as 8 pixels, that would be 7/9, which is getting on for a 25% difference. You also have the factor that bright lights tend to bloom and therefore circularise as they pass through the atmosphere - it's part of the effect known as "seeing". This would further distort and circularise the image.
You’re making many unwarranted suppositions here. The bottom line is that the observers and the mathematicians knew their jobs (they were employed to track and gather precise information on V2 rocket variant tests – as you claim – up to the same altitudes). They would not have produced statistics and observations that could not have been legitimately defended. They determined the distance and the shape. They would not have stated such things in a report if the error margins were such as to make those statements indefensible. That’s the bottom line here wollery.

As to Rogue River:
And yet we have historical confirmation of a Goodyear blimp in the general area at the time in question. To deny that fact is just ridiculous.
We have GoodYear running tours from Tillamook to the area in 1947, but that is the only year we have them doing that. If they did that in other years, it would have been mentioned in the record of activities that we do have. We also have a GoodYear blimp in Salem in 1950 (not 1949) used as an advertising platform – but there is no indication that it went to Rogue River (in 1949). So your “historical confirmation” is a directly false and misleading statement.

Besides, the eyewitnesses unanimously described a “circular” object (like a coin or a pancake) that had distinctive features quite unlike a GoodYear blimp (and especially the lack of an emblazoned GoodYear logo, gondola, engines and fins!) moving at speeds of a jet plane!

The historical record suggests no blimp. The eyewitnesses described an object quite unlike a blimp. That is the bottom line here wollery.
 
You get a "false positive" so to speak if there are airplanes left in the UNKNOWN group but in a different proportion than in the KNOWN group.
“So to speak”? What does your statement mean Jocce? Perhaps you would care to explain your meaning?

Using my psychic powers I now look into the future and try to foresee your next reply:

You: Unfounded assertion and can be dismissed as such.
LOL. No, you don’t have to be psychic to realise that your statement (if it makes any real sense at all – which I doubt) is unfounded and may be dismissed as such.
 
This is a prime example of how a UFO debunker will misrepresent the evidence to suit their own belief system.
You stated that heavy metals don't have latency periods, and even suggested that I hadn't provided any evidence that they do because there isn't any. I provided evidence that shows your statement was false. I have misrepresented nothing.

The latency period in radiation poisoning is between two episodes of symptomatology while the latency period in methylmercury poisoning is before symptomatology begins. In radiation we have; exposure, immediate symptoms, latency, symptoms. In heavy metal poisoning we sometimes have exposure, latency, symptoms. This is what makes radiation poisoning so distinctive and recognisable, it is the latency period between bouts of symptomatology. No other form of poisoning has that distinctive, signature characteristic.
Really? You've suggested that their symptoms could be caused by more than one type of radiation as one way to reconcile the differences between the typical timings and those given in their description. Similarly we can suppose more than one type of heavy metal, each with its own effects. One or more to cause the immediate vomiting and swelling, and one or more others with latency periods to explain their other symptoms. It's no less plausible than your suggestions. We could even suppose some other causal agent for their vomiting, and then heavy metal poisoning with a latency period to explain their other symptoms.

Just not the course and latency period… so false.
Nope. See above.

You “dare” me? But I have already done so (more than once…):
No, you haven't.

Try to concentrate this time.

Explain how the actions described in the account can last for as much as1 hour.

Those actions are;
1. Being woken up by a dazzlingly bright light and a loud humming noise.
2. Thinking the end of the world has come.
3. Falling to their knees in prayer.
4. Having those prayers interrupted by violent vomiting.

Forget the phrase "almost immediately", it's irrelevant. We have a description of the actions leading up to the vomiting. How can you marry up that description with a time-scale of 1 hour before they vomit?

All I am saying wollery is that the course of the victims illness (exposure, symptoms, latency, symptoms) is a signature pattern of radiation sickness. Not only that, but the symptoms themselves (vomiting, swelling, blackened skin turning to virulent sores, hair falling out) are also symptoms of radiation sickness. Not only that, but there seems to be no other mundane causal element that would cause the specific symptomatology.
Nope. Radiation poisoning is the only single causative agent that can produce that pattern, but as I have repeatedly noted, radiation symptoms, and the timing of the course of those symptoms is also typical, and in this case the signature timings don't fit with the description we have.

Furthermore, swelling without discomfort isn't typical, neither is a short period of vomiting.

Yes, that’s correct and many things can become distorted in the retelling of a tale. However, what we can be reasonably sure about is the basic cause (the bright light, no heat)
No, we can't be "reasonably sure" of those descriptions. How bright was the light? I pointed out in the previous post how Cowgill's description could be different from theirs. The same applies to the "no heat" description. Maybe the doctor misheard what they said.

and the basic symptomatology (vomiting, swelling, skin reaction, latency period, virulent sores, loss of hair). These are the types of things that could hardly be misinterpreted as anything other than they were – and these are the things that are specifically suggestive of radiation poisoning.
The symptoms, no, but in transmission from one person to the next the description could change.

You can't use that argument for one piece of evidence and then deny it for others.

Cowgill noted that the victims appeared in a “truly horrible” state and he was told about (and observed) some of the overt symptomatology. It would hardly be necessary for the doctors or the victims to enter into the finer details of the illness (such as fever and diarrhoea) nor would it be necessary or seemly for Cowgill to relate such covert symptomatology to the broader world even if he knew about it.
Why would a doctor, when asked about his patient's symptoms, not give a full description? Why would Cowgill not report those symptoms? Why would a high fever be a "finer detail"? Why would it be "unseemly" for Cowgill to report a symptom such as fever?

You and Jocce have attempted mundane explanations (heavy metal and burn) but they simply don’t fit the victim’s symptomatology. No other mundane explanation fits the symptomatology other than radiation sickness.
But radiation doesn't actually fit the symptomatology, making it implausible, and since there were no radiation sources in 1886 Venezuela it certainly isn't mundane, yet you seem loathe to admit that or dismiss such an implausible non-mundane explanation. Furthermore, I've shown how heavy metal poisoning could fit the symptomatology.

Yet radiation sickness in 1886 Venezuela? It’s a true mystery. It defies mundane explanation.
So why the need to posit radiation sickness at all?

I also note that you don't address the issue of your responses to me and Jocce about your use of the hair falling out "on the side that was underneath at the time" to refute the burns hypothesis. Should I take that as a tacit admission that you were wrong?
 
the distance calculation is a basic trigonometric calculation (we know the base distance, and we know two angles). As to which camera the distance was calculated from makes only a minor difference in the resulting distance calculation.

We don't know the distance. We only know the calculated altitude.

Besides, the eyewitnesses unanimously described a “circular” object

And yet they drew blimp shaped pictures of it.
 
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