The MST-13 timer
Initial assumption regarding the trigger for the Lockerbie bomb was that it was a simple barometric device, one of the items known to be used by the PFLP-GC. These were based on capacitance, and the time taken for a capacitor to charge. These things incorporated an aneroid barometer (altimeter) and were safe indefinitely at ground level. When the pressure dropped to the equivalent of about 8,000 feet above sea level, the contact would close and the capacitor would start to charge. Once the capacitor was charged, it would discharge, triggering the explosion.
These things (sometimes called "ice-cube timers") couldn't be altered by the operator, and the time of the explosion following the drop in pressure was essentially fixed at around 30 to 40 minutes. Therefore, triggering the bomb way out over the Atlantic wasn't an option, but the upside was that the explosion would always occur while the plane was in the air.
Maid of the Seas blew apart at 19.03 GMT, 38 minutes after leaving the tarmac at Heathrow.
This was a bit of a problem when considering either a Malta or a Frankfurt introduction. With that sort of device, the first take-off would trigger the explosion and the thing would never have got as far as Heathrow. The investigation never really addressed this all the time they were pursuing the PFLP-GC but at the same time denying the device could have been introduced at Heathrow.
The MST-13 fragment, when it was finally identified, changed all this. That instrument is a simple digital timer. It was far more versatile in a way than the ice-cube device, in that it could be set to trigger exactly when the explosion was wanted - weeks in advance if necessary. However, it would explode at that time irrespective of where the device was - in flight, or on the tarmac, or in a baggage store. It would explain how the device could have been loaded at Malta and negotiated two feeder flights without exploding.
It was also part of a very small manufacturing run, only 20 items, all of which were said to have been sold to Libya.
And it has the most bizarre provenance of any piece of evidence in the history of detection.
- A rag of grey cloth which turned out to be a shirt collar was picked up in a field behind Blinkbonny Farm near Newcastleton, during a routine search on 13th January 1989.
- The evidence label was signed by DC Gilchrist as the actual finder and DC McColm as the corroborative witness (the team leader to whom the individual searchers showed their finds, to fulfil the Scots Law requirement for two witnesses).
- The label was later seen to have originally read "cloth", but to have been changed to "debris (charred)" by over-writing and re-forming the original letters. Proper procedure for changing labels is to cross out the original, write the new word beside it and initial the alteration. This had not been done. http://www.mebocom-defilee.ch/2008/995/995-1.png, http://www.mebocom-defilee.ch/2008/995/995-2.png
- DC McColm is described (by John Crawford) as having secured a cushy desk job and very seldom going out in the cold and rain to pick stuff up. He also demonstrated a cavalier disregard for chain of custody, preferring to keep his office tidy rather than wait for paperwork to be properly completed.
- DC Gilchrist is described (press report) as being extremely nervous about giving evidence at Zeist. He was completely unable to explain the alteration on the label. His evidence was described in the court judgement as "at best confusing, at worst evasive".
My suspicion is that while something may have been picked up in that field on that date, it wasn't by these two. Quite a lot of evidence wasn't properly labelled, due to the difficulties of working in the open in a Scottish winter. Bobby Ingram (
The Maltese Double Cross) describes being asked by a policeman to sign a number of bags containing "important evidence" supposedly picked up by members of his mountain rescue team, as late as 1990. The items listed next to this one in the Dextar log were recorded as "finder unknown". Perhaps "finder unknown" wasn't good enough for this vital piece of evidence, and a couple of accommodating cops simply signed for it retrospectively. Which would explain why Gilchrist was nervous about giving evidence, and behaved as if he'd never seen the thing before.
- The item next surfaces at RARDE in Kent on 12th May, when the contents of the bag were examined by Thomas Hayes. He found items of debris embedded in the cloth - a tiny wad of paper, some pieces of black plastic, a small piece of wire, and "a fragment of green circuit board".
- A photograph was taken, apparently using a professional-quality polaroid. All copies in existence are copies of the same original print. http://i133.photobucket.com/albums/q62/chainsawmoth/127-911/2_photo_Hayes_notes.jpg
- He then described the findings in note form and also drew the paper fragment which he had teased out into its individual leaves. http://www.mebocom-defilee.ch/2009/examination.jpg
- This page is numbered 51. However, so is the following page, but that has been changed to 52. Altogether five pages are re-numbered in this way, before the pagination returns to normal. In addition, the dates on the pages are inconsistent, with 15th May beginning on page 50 and continuing on (new) page 52. (I think, this is detailed in another thread.)
The pagination anomalies suggest (new) page 51 could have been interpolated retrospectively at a later date. The photograph which might have proved provenance (from the negative being traceable to that date) appears to be a polaroid.
Another real oddity is the fact that absolutely no attention was paid to the "fragment of green circuit board" at the time. It's sitting there screaming "I'm a clue, look at me", and nobody does anything. It could have been another fragment from the radio-cassette player, some bits of circuit board having already been found from that. At this time, the RARDE scientists were going mad looking for more such pieces to confirm the exact model of the radio. Another piece, smaller and less distinctive than this, sent them into ecstasies when it was found a few weeks later. Or if it wasn't part of the radio, then it was likely to be part of the IED itself. But nothing. It was just filed away.
- It next surfaces on 15th September. On that date Allan Feraday sent pictures of it (either the original polaroid or new ones) to DCI Williamson in Scotland, with a covering note asking if his "lads and lassies" (the SCRB, presumably) could identify it. http://www.mebocom-defilee.ch/2008/Memo-Feradey.jpg
This is very different behaviour from Feraday's hands-on approach to identifying the radio model from its circuit board, in the course of which he travelled himself to Germany and then to Japan. The green fragment just gets sent to Williamson, end of story.
- This was the month when Hayes left RARDE under a cloud, in relation to the findings of the Birmingham Six enquiry, in which he drew criticism for having fabricated, or at least seriously sexed-up evidence that led to that wrongful conviction. He remained as a consultant until some time in 1990, but eventually retrained as a chiropodist (he had a PhD in his original field of electronics).
Williamson and his minions set about trying to trace the origin of the thing, with no success. In January 1990 they attend a case conference with the US investigators. Richard Marquise of the FBI explains how the US group knew this piece of evidence existed, but could not persuade the Scots to involve them in the identification.
In April the fragment was taken to Germany to the Siemens factory, where it was examined further including being cut into two pieces and a sliver removed from one edge. Still no identification.
In June there was another case conference with the Americans, but the Scots were still reluctant to involve them in the identification. However, on this occasion Tom Thurman of the FBI got hold of a photograph of the fragment. As the Scots were departing, he took it to a colleague in the CIA, a man going by the pseudonym Orkin in the records. Orkin went straight to a file and found a complete timer which matched the fragment. This news was telephoned back to Britain, and the Scots contingent pretty much had to turn on their heels at Heathrow and go back to America. Thurman had had the photograph for less than 48 hours (although later, in a TV interview, he waxes lyrical about the months he spent trawling through a gadzillion files to identify the thing....).
Although Thurman says (
Lockerbie Revisited, I think) that they knew pretty much immediately that the manufacturer was MEBO of Switzerland, the investigators spent several more weeks checking out other leads "just so we didn't miss anything", before finally fetching up on Edwin Bollier's doorstep in September (I think). Edwin's accounts of these timers (as of everything else) are varied and imaginative, however, the bottom line seems to be that he supplied 20 of them to Libya in 1986. Two had subsequently surfaced in Togo and two more in Senegal, which was where the CIA sample had come from.
Coincidentally, Tom Thurman also left the FBI forensics service under a cloud some time later, in the middle of a scandal about fabricated evidence. He went into teaching.
The conspiracy theory version of this is that the fragment was only fabricated in the summer of 1989, and the memo of 15th September is the first real record of its existence. That Tom Thurman and his CIA mate Orkin identified it so fast because they already knew what it was.
I've got an open mind on this, though rather a suspicious one I have to say. So, discuss.
Rofe.