UFOs: The Research, the Evidence

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Someone made a bigfoot joke above, but it does fit. Apparently, even with about a billion cameraphones around the world, only bigfoot and UFOs are unable to be clearly photographed. Everything else shows up on google image search in hi-def.

Boggles the mind.


:alien011:

With all the aircraft in flight caught on satellite found by people on Google EARTH! the OP turns out to show all the evidence and research for UFOs is bogus. The researchers think they are looking for UFOs and are doing as good as Bigfoot searchers, not able to find their illusions or delusions stuck in their mind.
1KC135C-5.gif

Too bad UFO are imaginary. If we had real UFOs we could see them being refueled in midair by the Mother-Ship.
 
Sure… if it is not any mundane object, then by definition it IS “alien”.
Cool... then all you have to do is prove it's not a mundane object, which is going to difficult. Better to provide positive proof that's it's Alien don't you think? Because attempting to prove it's NOT mundane is going to take longer than your lifetime.


Okay then, you will not have any objection to providing your precise calculations that relate to your specific methodology showing the calculated difference in size between your “overlayed” UFOs. Why do I KNOW that you WILL NOT (cannot) do that?
As you well know, I did those calculations last year and we discussed it on another thread where we were flogging this same dead horse.

Oh, and parallax “distortion” is the reason I used the distant hills as a measure of the size difference of the photos themselves. If you use closer objects, then the error margin is actually higher (but even doing this vertical measure you obtain a 6% differential in photo sizes – same as mine). YOUR next step is…?
Incorrect again. As the part in the photo are further away, they are less clear and therefore more difficult to measure accurately. Also you don't even know if the two features you used are the same distance away from the camera, and any amount of variation in distance from the camera is going to produce a proportional alteration of the distance between them in the two photos. If you use the VERTICAL edge of the Oil container as a measurement, it doesn't have ANY parallax alteration between the two photos and it much clearer to measure.

Oh, and don't think I have not noticed that you have CHEATED (perpetrated a fraud) by drawing your "comparison" lines (the red lines) in your photo overlay OVER the left edge of the upper UFO (obscuring a good portion of it to make it LOOK smaller than it actually is!
Duh! The lines are taken from the bottom Object, and the overlap you see is actually the difference in size between the two.

...and perhaps you should use the photos that I linked to above...they are MUCH clearer than the ones you seem to have used - allowing much more precise measurements and thus more accurate calculations.
Oh yeah, I didn't think of using the high res versions... :rolleyes:
Of course those are the ones I used... But then in order to post on a forum, I like to keep the file sizes down, so I reduced it. Wow, this is getting mighty tedious but laughable at the same time.

You will be able to provide a rationale for the double headed arrow then? Why do I KNOW you will not do this either?
No sorry, I could never know why someone added a double headed arrow onto a diagram and don't think it important... unless of course a double headed arrow is only ever drawn by Aliens and it would be proof positive of alien visitation to our planet, sadly I don't think this is the case.

This is not inconsistent with the statements that it was “almost hovering” and “moving slowly”. As it picked up the pace (from a virtual hover) it would have been natural to Trent to that he needed to “move rapidly” to get another photo – he wanted more pictures of it before it “got away”! That is an entirely human reaction under the circumstances and in no way contradicts the observed motion of the UFO.
I sense ducking and diving here from you (go figure) the original point was not about the speed at which the object was moving (as it wasn't moving at all), but about the speed at which two photos could most effectively be taken using a waist level viewfinder.
To line up a shot through a smaller than postage stamp sized laterally inverted, waist level image viewfinder from two different positions (whilst he had to "move rapidly to his right to get the second picture") is the least likely of the options available.

Astrophotographer has already posted these pics:
roamer5.jpg
stamp.jpg

To show how small the viewfinder is (and held 15 about inches from the eye)

Here is an approximate representation of the view Trent would have. Remember that the picture he is looking at is laterally inverted so any movement in the scene would be reversed in the viewfinder.
Viewfinder.jpg


And I've been generous in this representation. The actual viewfinder is almost square and we don't know how much the photo I've reproduced has been cropped (so in the original negative, the object may have been smaller.

There is of course this illustration from the Manual for this model of camera which supports your assertion:

parts08.jpg

This clearly shows that men always use the waist level viewfinder and women always use the eye level one. :rolleyes:
 
Sure… if it is not any mundane object, then by definition it IS “alien”.
No, if it is not any mundane object, then by definition is IS "unknown". Are we really back to having to explain that "unknown" does not mean "so throw in whatever explanation most tickles your fancy"? By your logic, all UFOs could equally be said to be a manifestation of Mr T pitying a fool.
 
Please look in to the definition of lore, folklore and popular culture. To date, you and all other UFOlogists failed to demonstrate UFO evidence is composed by something other than an assemblage of anecdotes and tales. Scientific evidence for aliens from outside the borders of what we call nature (whatever it means) it is not. So we're left with?
The existence of UFOs demonstrates that there is something we are “missing” from our conception of what constitutes “reality”. UFOs seem to represent something beyond the limits of what we commonly take to be the boundaries of the natural world. They give us a clue to the fact that we have not yet discovered all the manifestations of what we have conceptualised as the “laws of nature”. Only through scientific research might we uncover just what it IS that we are “missing”.

Also UFOs represent MUCH more than a “popular” cultural phenomenon. As you, of all people should be aware, their existence crosses both cultural and historic boundaries.

From UFOlogy POV, yes, failure, since none of these studies managed to provide any shred of evidence to bak the presence of aliens from outside the borders of what we call nature (whatever that means).
When something has no mundane explanation… it is by definition “alien”. However, that does not mean that UFOs are “unnatural”. They may represent a part of the “natural world (or universe) that we simply have not discovered yet. The studies you refer to as “failures” (Battelle, Condon… even the recent university PhDs – that is PEER-reviewed research) have all invariably shown us that there is MUCH more to UFOs than mere “lore”.

I stated:
” You seem to get bogged down in the details here (“exact facts”). What is important is the occurrence itself and the way in which it was reported. A UFO coupled with radiation like injuries – in 1886! But the report itself is NOT a “UFO” report. The reporter believes he has an explanation (an electrical/meteorological phenomenon) of the type being discussed in Scientific American. He merely outlines the case for the consideration of what he considers to be more learned minds than his own. It is a matter of fact report that we simply have no reason to doubt the veracity of.”
Again- you have nothing but another unconfirmed report. You can not (i) look at the original data (this is quite common in UFOlogy, eh? Like in "The negatives were lost", "The government confiscated the evidence");
If this were ALL we had (if this were the ONLY report of its kind), then I might agree with you, but it is NOT all we have. We have many reports extending throughout history and across cultural boundaries. While you might be able to dismiss individual reports with the “wave of a hand”, I find it not so easy (or indeed prudent) to dismiss a whole body of evidence in such a manner.

(ii) have any reasonable assurance that description of the injuries and the sighting of the lights were exact (you can't even pin down the location);
We have absolutely NO reason to suspect that the report is not a reasonably accurate representation of the facts on the ground. You are merely resorting to your belief system here – “It is impossible, therefore it cannot be so”.

(iii) you can't actually link the alleged sighting of the light with the alleged injuries
Now this is IRONIC (that you cite correlation NE causation). Much of science works on the basis of reasonable causal inference and we have no reason to suspect that the causal inference in this case is erroneous.

and at last but not least (iv) you can't actually link it all with any degree of certanity with radiation and/or UFO phenomena.
This is actually a restatement of your point iii above.

I could go on, but anyone with basic scientific training by now would have realized that even if you could accomplish i to ii you would still be at loss with iii and iv. Not to mention you would also have to look for and exclude other possibilities for the injuries.
Perhaps unfortunately, history shows that verified instances of such injuries are invariably linked to ionising radiation poisoning. There is no reason - that is we have no scientific evidence - to suspect that such injuries are caused by anything other than ionising radiation. But wait… this is 1886 we are talking about here! What possible cause can we find? Oh yeah, there is the small matter of
”a loud humming noise and a vivid, dazzling light, which brilliantly illuminated the interior of the house… It is to be noted that the brilliant light was not accompanied by a sensation of heat … the remarkable part of the occurrence is that the hose was uninjured …”
(http://bp0.blogger.com/_-qWvml8_fAg/SGccRWGaJpI/AAAAAAAAAF8/J2QyUR-1d0E/s1600-h/SciAm2.JPG)

Once again you try to divert the readers' attention by twisting skeptics'position. This is not a scientific debate methodology. Note that your arguments rely on the assumption that the eyewitnesses reports are precise descriptions of the events they claim to have experienced. Can you back this point? Or you deny it?
UFO debunkers contend that sincere eyewitnesses in UFO reports are invariably mistaken (100% wrong) in what they perceive. That is, to a UFO debunker, the eyewitnesses have invariably misperceived a mundane object. That is the eyewitnesses are wrong 100% of the time. If that is “twisting the skeptic’s position” then perhaps you can explain to us HOW it has done so?

Serious (sincere) UFO proponents are just as skeptical as UFO debunkers. If we had but a single report to contend with, then we could dismiss it, but when the same things keep reappearing in case after case, then it is not so easy. We are then required to explain it – and this is where UFO debunkers and proponents go their separate ways. UFO debunkers contend the eyewitnesses are wrong 100% of the time, while UFO proponents are not so sure the evidence can so easily be dismissed.

I stated:
” Again I repeat, a specimen is NOT proof of a species.”
Tell this to a biologist.
Perhaps you should ask a biologist.

Oh, now you are asking for precision... So Rramjet, show me precision in the collection and treatment of data. Show me scientific methodology. Show me data researched with care and precision. Something you have not been doing, given the many basic errors you constantly make. Do I need to remind you of them?
I was asking for precision in the definition of terms – something the UFO debunkers seem strangely unable to do. For example when I ask a UFO debunker for their definition of UFO – they cannot even do THAT! They invariably reply with “A UFO is a UFO”. But THAT is NOT a definition (one cannot define something by mere reference to itself). In this particular instance I was pointing to the fact that if you explored the definitions of “type” and “proof” (and “a specimen” and “species”), you might actually find a way of overcoming my objections to your formulation: “A specimen is proof of a species”.

As for the “precision” research itself I merely point you in the direction of all the peer-reviewed research that has been conducted on UFOs to date. Here for example is a pointer to such a recent research study (http://voice.unimelb.edu.au/view.php?articleID=5319), here is another (http://www.narcap.org/commentary/ufocritique.pdf)...

To date you failed to present reliable evidence and research pointing towards a good chance that they are images of real UFOs controlled by aliens from outside the borders of what we call nature (whatever that means).
First, your misreading (misconception) of my contention is noteworthy. I have stated MANY times now that UFOs represent a phenomenon (or are representative of a phenomena) that seems to exist beyond the limits of what we commonly take to be the boundaries of the natural world (or words to that effect).

There are a few key terms in that phrase. The one you MISS is the “what we commonly take to be” part. This means that UFOs MAY be part of the natural world, just that we have not yet discovered HOW they might fit into the natural world. There is also NO mention of “aliens”.

I want reliable evidence. I want clear pictures not even suspected of being hoaxes or misidentifications
There is NO picture in the WORLD that cannot be “suspected of a hoax”. Technology has brought us to a point where pictures CAN be effectively hoaxed – so pictures ALONE cannot be admitted as evidence. However, when pictures are supported by testimony, the case is strengthened. Where pictures are independently taken of the same object and supported by independent testimony, the case is strengthened again. Of course the ideal would be to have two people taking photos of the same object and a third taking a photo of the two – but that would require a well funded research program to set up (with any reasonable expectation of success) – and to date the funds just aren't forthcoming.

I want images from various sources of the same event. This is the minimal, lowermost level of evidence one would expect to be available if UFO lore can be trusted. Got some?

(http://vodpod.com/watch/2104507-ufo-giving-birth-to-baby-ships-in-mexico-may-2009)
 
The existence of UFOs demonstrates that there is something we are “missing” from our conception of what constitutes “reality”.
Someone does not understanding what they see makes me not understand what?

It is simple to understand why something is Unidentified, eyes are not perfect, the brain that uses them is not perfect, so why shouldn't there be things that are Unidentified.


Paul


:) :) :)
 
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Cool... then all you have to do is prove it's not a mundane object, which is going to difficult. Better to provide positive proof that's it's Alien don't you think? Because attempting to prove it's NOT mundane is going to take longer than your lifetime.
If you say so… :)

As you well know, I did those calculations last year and we discussed it on another thread where we were flogging this same dead horse.
Ha! I KNEW it… you did not provide the calculations then , and you don’t provide them now!

Incorrect again. As the part in the photo are further away, they are less clear and therefore more difficult to measure accurately. Also you don't even know if the two features you used are the same distance away from the camera, and any amount of variation in distance from the camera is going to produce a proportional alteration of the distance between them in the two photos. If you use the VERTICAL edge of the Oil container as a measurement, it doesn't have ANY parallax alteration between the two photos and it much clearer to measure.
When the camera moves (as it did between P1 and P2), closer objects change “size” (distort) to a greater extent than distant objects. THAT is why I used the MOST distant objects available in the photo for my calculations (the background hills) and perhaps why you should NOT use the closest objects …

Nevertheless, I also used the oil tank to recalculate (from the top of the right “leg” to the top of the “bung” - as these points are clearly defined) and STILL got a 6% size differential between the two photos…

Duh! The lines are taken from the bottom Object, and the overlap you see is actually the difference in size between the two.
But this is NOT a “scientific” representation because we can no longer accurately measure the difference because it is “hidden” behind the line.

I simply want you to present your calculations and methodology and an accurate representation of your result so that anyone can replicate it and compare it with your results. I outlined MY methodology and provided clear instructions as to how my calculations were conducted to get the 10% result. ANYONE can check that for themselves merely by taking measurements from the photos and doing a few basic calculations. It is NOT possible for many people to replicate YOUR results, so you NEED to provide the precise methodology for us.

Oh yeah, I didn't think of using the high res versions... :rolleyes:
Of course those are the ones I used... But then in order to post on a forum, I like to keep the file sizes down, so I reduced it. Wow, this is getting mighty tedious but laughable at the same time.
You DID NOT use the high resolution images. Want to know how I can tell? Have a look at the “blob” of dirt on the left edge of your lower UFO and compare that with what is shown in the high resolution pictures (there are many other clues, but this is one of the most obvious).

No sorry, I could never know why someone added a double headed arrow onto a diagram and don't think it important... unless of course a double headed arrow is only ever drawn by Aliens and it would be proof positive of alien visitation to our planet, sadly I don't think this is the case.
I am tempted to let this statement speak for itself, but … oh what the hell… I’ll just let it stand…

I sense ducking and diving here from you (go figure) the original point was not about the speed at which the object was moving (as it wasn't moving at all), but about the speed at which two photos could most effectively be taken using a waist level viewfinder.
To line up a shot through a smaller than postage stamp sized laterally inverted, waist level image viewfinder from two different positions (whilst he had to "move rapidly to his right to get the second picture") is the least likely of the options available.
You simply underestimate human visual acuity and human adeptness at using familiar equipment. For example the remarkable capacity of human perception to adapt to its surrounding quite rapidly can be demonstrated here: (http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...27&q="living+in+a+reversed+world"&pr=goog-sl#)

…and your statement “as it wasn't moving at all” now goes too far in the opposite direction! At first you claimed it was rapidly moving, now you state it wasn’t moving at all! The truth is that it was slowly moving (almost hovering) but that it picked up speed between the taking of P1 and P2.

Here is an approximate representation of the view Trent would have. Remember that the picture he is looking at is laterally inverted so any movement in the scene would be reversed in the viewfinder.
Obviously you have never used such equipment. Once you are used to it, compensation for movement becomes as automatic and natural as through any viewfinder.

And I've been generous in this representation. The actual viewfinder is almost square and we don't know how much the photo I've reproduced has been cropped (so in the original negative, the object may have been smaller.
Oh, but you have been much less than “generous! For a start the image would have been clearly in focus AND in colour!
 
the remarkable part of the occurrence is that the hose was uninjured …

Phew, that's lucky then, when my hose gets injured it starts crying all over the garden... Sometimes it's so bad I have to turn the water off at the tap.
 
Obviously you have never used such equipment. Once you are used to it, compensation for movement becomes as automatic and natural as through any viewfinder.

Oh, but you have been much less than “generous! For a start the image would have been clearly in focus AND in colour!

Hahahahahaha! "Obviously you have never used such equipment." Priceless.
 
Sure… if it is not any mundane object, then by definition it IS “alien”.

There it is folks, the evidence that Aliens are real. If we don't know what it is then aliens are the only possible explanation.
 
So Rramjet, how do you take "I don't know what that is" and arrive at "therefore it must be an alien spacecraft"? There seems to be at least one step missing there.
 
Oh, but you have been much less than “generous! For a start the image would have been clearly in focus AND in colour!

Are you sure about the colour?
 
There is NO picture in the WORLD that cannot be “suspected of a hoax”.

Does this mean the Trent and Trindade photographs could be a hoax?

so pictures ALONE cannot be admitted as evidence. However, when pictures are supported by testimony, the case is strengthened.

Hmmm...does this mean the Stan Romanek, Ed Walters, and Billy Meier videos/films/photos should be considered valid evidence? They are supported by testimony from more than one individual. That must mean something. Are you ready to join the Meier cult?

Where pictures are independently taken of the same object and supported by independent testimony, the case is strengthened again. Of course the ideal would be to have two people taking photos of the same object and a third taking a photo of the two – but that would require a well funded research program to set up (with any reasonable expectation of success) – and to date the funds just aren't forthcoming.

Why not? You are a scientist. Why haven't you made a proposal of this kind? Why are you wasting your valuable time here when you could be making actual scientiific progress on UFOs?

It is my opinion that this kind of examination of the skies is already happening. Amateur and professional astronomers are operating all-sky video cameras trying to capture meteors and fireballs. They use these cameras to triangulate the path of the meteor in conjunction with visual observations and other camera systems. We also have weather cameras, security cameras (Many manage to record bright fireballs), volcano camears, action news camears, traffic cameras, etc. etc. The sky has never been so monitored and yet none of these collection of camears have yet to record a bonafide UFO event. The lack of any of these devices recording a "genuine" UFO of the type described by all of those MUFON/NUFORC reports (numbering the hundreds each month) indicates something.


The instant I see Jaime Maussan, I begin to question the integrity of the video. His exploitation of the 2004 Mexican AF video and the 1991 solar eclipse videos are just the tip of the iceberg on his gullibility and desire to perpetuate any hoax with no investigation. To me they look like balloons being released out of a bag and staged to look this way. I am not impressed. There is nothing in these videos that indicate an alien technology. Is this your BEST CASE or is it just throwing things against the wall hoping something will stick?
 
Sorry if my responses are getting shorter, it's just that I'm slowly losing the will to live... and banging my head against this brick wall isn't helping.

Ha! I KNEW it… you did not provide the calculations then , and you don’t provide them now!
Yes, I did, I just can't be bothered finding the link... think what you like.

When the camera moves (as it did between P1 and P2), closer objects change “size” (distort) to a greater extent than distant objects. THAT is why I used the MOST distant objects available in the photo for my calculations (the background hills) and perhaps why you should NOT use the closest objects …
Really, use which ever distances you want... If it's flying North West as Trent states, does that make it alien?

Nevertheless, I also used the oil tank to recalculate (from the top of the right “leg” to the top of the “bung” - as these points are clearly defined) and STILL got a 6% size differential between the two photos…
So you're telling me if I enlarge one of the photos by 6%, there is a 10% difference in size of the object?

But this is NOT a “scientific” representation because we can no longer accurately measure the difference because it is “hidden” behind the line.
You can't accurately measure the difference because it's a low res, highly compressed jpg file.
What you CAN see, it that it's not 10%.

I simply want you to present your calculations and methodology and an accurate representation of your result so that anyone can replicate it and compare it with your results. I outlined MY methodology and provided clear instructions as to how my calculations were conducted to get the 10% result. ANYONE can check that for themselves merely by taking measurements from the photos and doing a few basic calculations. It is NOT possible for many people to replicate YOUR results, so you NEED to provide the precise methodology for us.
I know that's what you 'want'
Because you're willing to discuss and argue irrelevant points because that;s all you have... Irrelevance.
For all the calculations and petty arguments over exactly which direction the object was reportedly traveling in... what is the end result if an agreement is reached?
Does it suddenly become alien?


You DID NOT use the high resolution images. Want to know how I can tell? Have a look at the “blob” of dirt on the left edge of your lower UFO and compare that with what is shown in the high resolution pictures (there are many other clues, but this is one of the most obvious).
Nope, I've just double checked... the ONLY versions of the phots I have on my computer apart form those I have altered and added labels to, are the full res pictures from Here and Here

But again, I can't be bothered arguing over things that even if resolved, will not suddenly turn the event into proof of aliens.

You simply underestimate human visual acuity and human adeptness at using familiar equipment. For example the remarkable capacity of human perception to adapt to its surrounding quite rapidly can be demonstrated here: (http://video.google.com/videoplay?d...27&q="living+in+a+reversed+world"&pr=goog-sl#)

Are you just trying to waste everyone's time?
It took the man 14 days to get used to it... 14 days of constant wearing a practicing to even start to get used to it. As soon as he took off the glasses, it took more time to re adjust... This has absolutely nothing to do whit anyone's ability to pick up a camera and use the laterally inverted waist height viewfinder on a camera.

…and your statement “as it wasn't moving at all” now goes too far in the opposite direction! At first you claimed it was rapidly moving, now you state it wasn’t moving at all! The truth is that it was slowly moving (almost hovering) but that it picked up speed between the taking of P1 and P2.
Another misrepresentation there.
It's not me that's claiming movement, it's Trent. And then after claiming movement, he wants us to believe that he was using the wrong viewfinder for the job. The viewfinder that made it much more difficult to focus, track and compose. I completely agree that he DID use the wiast level viewfinder, because the physical evidence of the photographs back it up.
what I dispute is that there was any movement from the object. See if Trent's claim was completely correct (moving rapidly between shots etc), he wouldn't have used the waist level viewfinder, it is fitted to cameras for a specific purpose, and this wasn't it.

Obviously you have never used such equipment. Once you are used to it, compensation for movement becomes as automatic and natural as through any viewfinder.
No obviously in all my 20 years of being a trained/qualified photographer and prior to that being a photographic technician at my local university, I never came across such equipment. Even though I have owned Bronica and Hasselblad professional medium format twin lens reflex cameras and am full aware of the limitations of the large waist level viewfinders on these models... I'm sure that using one that's smaller than a postage stamp to track an object is no problem for a backwater farmer.

Oh, but you have been much less than “generous! For a start the image would have been clearly in focus AND in colour!
And there would be reflection from the glass, distortion from the internal magnifier and all sorts of other negative aspects. Again you're splitting hairs for no other reason than because nearly everyone else has stopped playing with you. The representation clearly states "approximate size of image" nothing more.
 
The instant I see Jaime Maussan, I begin to question the integrity of the video. His exploitation of the 2004 Mexican AF video and the 1991 solar eclipse videos are just the tip of the iceberg on his gullibility and desire to perpetuate any hoax with no investigation. To me they look like balloons being released out of a bag and staged to look this way. I am not impressed. There is nothing in these videos that indicate an alien technology. Is this your BEST CASE or is it just throwing things against the wall hoping something will stick?
For starters the video footage shown is actually not orientated correctly, The string of balloons is vertical, not horizontal.
Indeed, al you see in the video Rramjet provided is one of these being released:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOIUXsJa5HM

Agreed about Jaime Maussan, he also promoted the 07.07.07 Eastfield Crop Circle as a genuine event (supposedly filmed by a Crop Circle Researcher who claimed that the event took only minutes after a EMP flash of light)... all complete nonsense of course.
 
So Rramjet, how do you take "I don't know what that is" and arrive at "therefore it must be an alien spacecraft"? There seems to be at least one step missing there.


I still say if Rramjet can't disprove the hypothesis that UFOs are manifestations of the gods, then that theory trumps aliens because gods were proposed as explanations for UFOs long before aliens were ever even considered.
 
In your diagram (originally posted #5091, p. 128), you placed an arrow pointing SE indicating “Direction of UFO Travel”

I pointed out, in consideration of the witness statements, that this was an incorrect assessment.
The object reduces in size by about 10% between the first and second photo.
... The point is that the UFO moved away from the observers, which means travelling NORTHWEST. THIS is how the “calculations are made”.

We know your "SE" was actually "SW" - OK, just a slip - but I'm still waiting to hear if you've yet managed to measure the 10% difference in the lengths of the sightlines in that diagram, and decided what direction the UFO would have moved from the "10m" point to arrive at the 2nd sightline 10% further from the camera.

(That's "would have moved" if it had really been 10m across and far away, rather than small, stationary and nearby)

The answer I got is west southwest (just as shown on the diagram, in fact) and not northwest as you keep reminding us the witness testimony has it. Any comment?
 
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